Grade 10
  1. Matter and its properties  1.1. States of matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. Classification of substances (elements, compounds, mixtures)  1.4. Changes in Matter (Physical and Chemical Changes)  1.5. Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Historical development of the atomic model  2.2. Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)  2.3. Atomic number, mass number and isotopes  2.4. Electronic Configuration and Energy Levels  2.5. Valency, ion formation and oxidation state
  3. Periodic table  3.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Trends  3.3. Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table  3.5. Metals, non-metals, metalloids and their properties  3.6. Noble gases and their chemical inertness
  4. Chemical bond  4.1. Formation of Chemical Bonds (Octet Rule)  4.2. Ionic Bonding and Properties of Ionic Compounds  4.3. Covalent Bond and Properties of Covalent Compounds  4.4. Metallic bond and its properties  4.5. Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory  4.6. Polarity and dipole moment of molecules  4.7. Intermolecular forces
  5. Chemical Reactions and Equations  5.1. Types of Chemical Reactions  5.2. Writing and balancing chemical equations  5.3. Law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions  5.4. Factors Affecting Chemical Reactions  5.5. Catalysts and their role in chemical reactions  5.6. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  6. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations  6.1. Mole concept and Avogadro number  6.2. Molar Mass and Gram-Mole Conversions  6.3. Empirical and molecular formula  6.4. Stoichiometric calculations and chemical yield  6.5. Limiting and Excess Reactants
  7. Acids, Bases and Salts  7.1. Properties and Definitions of Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis)  7.2. pH Scale, pOH, and Indicators  7.3. Neutralization reactions and salt formation  7.4. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases)  7.5. Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life  7.6. Salts, their solubility and applications
  8. Metals and Nonmetals  8.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  8.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  8.3. Reactivity Series of Metals and Displacement Reactions  8.4. Extraction of metals from ores  8.5. Corrosion, its causes and prevention  8.6. Alloys, their composition and uses
  9. Carbon and its compounds  9.1. Allotropes of Carbon  9.2. Hydrocarbons and their classification (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)  9.3. Functional groups in organic compounds  9.4. Nomenclature of organic compounds (IUPAC system)  9.5. Isomerism in organic chemistry (structural and geometrical)  9.6. Important organic reactions (combustion, addition, substitution, polymerization)  9.7. Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life
  10. Environmental Chemistry  10.1. Air Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control)  10.2. Water Pollution (Causes, Effects and Remedies)  10.3. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.4. Ozone layer depletion and its effects  10.5. Green Chemistry and Its Applications  10.6. sustainable chemistry practice
  11. Thermochemistry  11.1. Heat and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  11.2. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions  11.3. Enthalpy, enthalpy change, and heat of reaction  11.4. Specific heat capacity and calorimetry  11.5. Energy Changes in Combustion Reactions
  12. Electrochemistry  12.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes  12.2. Electrolysis and its applications (electroplating, extraction of metals)  12.3. Redox reactions (oxidation and reduction)  12.4. Galvanic cell and electrochemical series  12.5. Corrosion and electrochemical prevention methods
  13. Chemical kinetics and equilibrium  13.1. Rate of chemical reactions and its measurement  13.2. Factors affecting the reaction rate (catalyst, temperature, concentration)  13.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions  13.4. Dynamic equilibrium and equilibrium constant  13.5. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
  14. Gases and Gas Laws  14.1. Properties of gases and kinetic molecular theory  14.2. Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relation)  14.3. Charles's Law  14.4. Gay-Lussac's Law  14.5. Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law  14.6. Real Gases vs Ideal Gases
  15. Nuclear Chemistry  15.1. Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions  15.2. Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)  15.3. Half-life and applications of radioactive isotopes  15.4. Nuclear fission and fusion reactions  15.5. Nuclear power generation and its environmental impact

Grade 10 → Carbon and its compounds ↓


Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life


Organic compounds are essential to life on Earth. They are compounds composed primarily of carbon atoms and are associated with living organisms. Organic compounds are used extensively in both industry and daily life due to their versatility and complex bonding capabilities. They form the basis of many of the materials we use every day, from fuels to plastics and food additives.

Understanding organic compounds

Organic compounds are chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. The simplest organic compound is methane (CH 4), which consists of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. The ability of carbon to form stable chains and rings is a central feature of organic chemistry.

The SVG shows the basic structure of a carbon atom with four bonds.

Applications in industry

1. Fuel

Organic compounds serve as a major source of fuel for both industrial and domestic use. The most common fuels are hydrocarbons found in fossil fuels. Here are some examples:

  • Petroleum: Refining crude oil yields various products, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, which are essential for transportation.
  • Natural gas: Composed primarily of methane, this gas is used for heating, power generation, and as a chemical feedstock.
CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O

2. Polymers and plastics

Polymers are large molecules made by joining smaller molecules called monomers. Organic polymers are used extensively in making plastics. For example:

  • Polyethylene: This is the most common plastic, used in shopping bags, detergent bottles and children's toys.
  • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): It is used in plumbing pipes, electrical cable insulation, and inflatable products.

SVG represents a representation of polymer chains, which are the repeating units that make up plastic.

3. Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals are an essential part of the healthcare industry and are primarily made from organic compounds. For example:

  • Aspirin: Synthesized from salicylic acid, it is one of the oldest and most widely used painkillers.
  • Paracetamol: Used to treat pain and fever, this is another commonly used organic compound.

Applications in daily life

1. Homemade products

Many household products contain organic compounds, which are essential to their function:

  • Cleaning agents: Detergents and soaps derive their properties from organic compounds such as sodium stearate.
  • Personal care products: Organic compounds such as glycerin and ethanol are used in lotions, shampoos, and perfumes.

2. Food industry

Organic compounds play an important role in food preservation and promotion. These include:

  • Flavors: Natural and artificial flavors often include organic compounds such as vanillin and esters.
  • Preservatives: Organic acids such as citric acid and benzoic acid are used to increase the shelf life of foods.

3. Agriculture

Agriculture depends on organic compounds for fertilizers and pest control:

  • Pesticides: Many pesticides are organic compounds that help protect crops from pests. Examples include pyrethroids and organophosphates.
  • Fertilizer: Urea is a common nitrogen-based organic compound used in fertilizers.

Conclusion

Organic compounds play important roles in both industry and daily life. Their versatility and utility make them indispensable to many aspects of modern civilization, from the products we use to the technologies on which modern society depends.


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Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life

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