Grade 10
  1. Matter and its properties  1.1. States of matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. Classification of substances (elements, compounds, mixtures)  1.4. Changes in Matter (Physical and Chemical Changes)  1.5. Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Historical development of the atomic model  2.2. Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)  2.3. Atomic number, mass number and isotopes  2.4. Electronic Configuration and Energy Levels  2.5. Valency, ion formation and oxidation state
  3. Periodic table  3.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Trends  3.3. Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table  3.5. Metals, non-metals, metalloids and their properties  3.6. Noble gases and their chemical inertness
  4. Chemical bond  4.1. Formation of Chemical Bonds (Octet Rule)  4.2. Ionic Bonding and Properties of Ionic Compounds  4.3. Covalent Bond and Properties of Covalent Compounds  4.4. Metallic bond and its properties  4.5. Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory  4.6. Polarity and dipole moment of molecules  4.7. Intermolecular forces
  5. Chemical Reactions and Equations  5.1. Types of Chemical Reactions  5.2. Writing and balancing chemical equations  5.3. Law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions  5.4. Factors Affecting Chemical Reactions  5.5. Catalysts and their role in chemical reactions  5.6. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  6. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations  6.1. Mole concept and Avogadro number  6.2. Molar Mass and Gram-Mole Conversions  6.3. Empirical and molecular formula  6.4. Stoichiometric calculations and chemical yield  6.5. Limiting and Excess Reactants
  7. Acids, Bases and Salts  7.1. Properties and Definitions of Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis)  7.2. pH Scale, pOH, and Indicators  7.3. Neutralization reactions and salt formation  7.4. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases)  7.5. Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life  7.6. Salts, their solubility and applications
  8. Metals and Nonmetals  8.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  8.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  8.3. Reactivity Series of Metals and Displacement Reactions  8.4. Extraction of metals from ores  8.5. Corrosion, its causes and prevention  8.6. Alloys, their composition and uses
  9. Carbon and its compounds  9.1. Allotropes of Carbon  9.2. Hydrocarbons and their classification (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)  9.3. Functional groups in organic compounds  9.4. Nomenclature of organic compounds (IUPAC system)  9.5. Isomerism in organic chemistry (structural and geometrical)  9.6. Important organic reactions (combustion, addition, substitution, polymerization)  9.7. Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life
  10. Environmental Chemistry  10.1. Air Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control)  10.2. Water Pollution (Causes, Effects and Remedies)  10.3. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.4. Ozone layer depletion and its effects  10.5. Green Chemistry and Its Applications  10.6. sustainable chemistry practice
  11. Thermochemistry  11.1. Heat and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  11.2. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions  11.3. Enthalpy, enthalpy change, and heat of reaction  11.4. Specific heat capacity and calorimetry  11.5. Energy Changes in Combustion Reactions
  12. Electrochemistry  12.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes  12.2. Electrolysis and its applications (electroplating, extraction of metals)  12.3. Redox reactions (oxidation and reduction)  12.4. Galvanic cell and electrochemical series  12.5. Corrosion and electrochemical prevention methods
  13. Chemical kinetics and equilibrium  13.1. Rate of chemical reactions and its measurement  13.2. Factors affecting the reaction rate (catalyst, temperature, concentration)  13.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions  13.4. Dynamic equilibrium and equilibrium constant  13.5. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
  14. Gases and Gas Laws  14.1. Properties of gases and kinetic molecular theory  14.2. Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relation)  14.3. Charles's Law  14.4. Gay-Lussac's Law  14.5. Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law  14.6. Real Gases vs Ideal Gases
  15. Nuclear Chemistry  15.1. Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions  15.2. Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)  15.3. Half-life and applications of radioactive isotopes  15.4. Nuclear fission and fusion reactions  15.5. Nuclear power generation and its environmental impact

Grade 10 → Acids, Bases and Salts ↓


Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life


Acids and bases are chemicals that are found everywhere in our daily lives, from the food we eat to the cleaning products we use. It is important to understand these substances because they play vital roles in the natural world, industrial processes, and laboratory practices. This lesson will provide a comprehensive explanation of common acids and bases, their properties, and their applications in everyday life.

Basic understanding of acids and bases

Acid

Acids are substances that can donate protons (H+) to another substance. They usually taste sour, can change the color of blue litmus paper to red, and react with metals to form hydrogen gas. Acids are found in many everyday items and foods.

Bases

Bases are substances that can accept a proton or donate a pair of valence electrons to form a bond. They usually taste bitter and slippery. Bases can change the color of red litmus paper to blue. Bases are also found in household cleaning agents and other products.

Common acids in everyday life

Citrus fruits: Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits such as lemons, limes and oranges. It gives these fruits their distinctive tart flavor.

Citric Acid Formula: C_6H_8O_7

Vinegar: Acetic acid

Apart from water, acetic acid is the main component of vinegar. It gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell.

Acetic Acid Formula: CH_3COOH

Stomach acid: Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is found in the stomach. It helps in digesting food by breaking down the complex molecules present in our food.

Hydrochloric Acid Formula: HCl

Battery acid: Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is used in lead-acid batteries for cars and other vehicles. It is a strong acid with industrial importance.

Sulfuric Acid Formula: H_2SO_4
Acidic

Common bases in everyday life

Baking soda: Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is a mild base. It is used in baking as well as in some cleaning products.

Sodium Bicarbonate Formula: NaHCO_3

Soap: Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is a strong alkali used in the manufacture of soaps and detergents.

Sodium Hydroxide Formula: NaOH

Ammonia solution

Ammonia is a base commonly found in household cleaning products. It is a gas at room temperature but is often used in liquid solutions for cleaning.

Ammonia Formula: NH_3

Milk of magnesia: Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an alkaline substance that is commonly used to relieve indigestion and heartburn.

Magnesium Hydroxide Formula: Mg(OH)_2
Basic

Safe use of acids and bases

Acids and bases are useful, but they can be dangerous if not handled properly. Proper precautions include using gloves and eye protection when handling strong acids or bases. Always read labels and follow instructions on household products that contain these chemicals.

Mixture of acid and base

Mixing acids and bases can have a neutralizing effect, but this must be done carefully as it can also cause violent reactions. For example, mixing vinegar (acetic acid) with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) causes a fizzing reaction that forms water, carbon dioxide gas, and sodium acetate.

CH_3COOH + NaHCO_3 → CO_2 + H_2O + CH_3COONa

Role of acids and bases in environmental chemistry

Acids and bases also play important roles in the environment. For example, rainwater is slightly acidic because of dissolved carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid. Certain pollutants can make rain more acidic, leading to acid rain, which has harmful effects on plants, aquatic life, and infrastructure.

Acid rain

Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide (SO_2) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) enter the atmosphere. These compounds can react with water to form sulfuric and nitric acid, respectively.

Acid Rain

Conclusion

In conclusion, acids and bases are an integral part of both natural and man-made environments. They are present everywhere in our daily lives, from the food we eat to the cleaning agents we use in our homes. Understanding their properties and reactions not only enhances our knowledge of chemistry but also expands our awareness of the world around us.


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Salts, their solubility and applications

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Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life

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