Grade 10
  1. Matter and its properties  1.1. States of matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. Classification of substances (elements, compounds, mixtures)  1.4. Changes in Matter (Physical and Chemical Changes)  1.5. Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Historical development of the atomic model  2.2. Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)  2.3. Atomic number, mass number and isotopes  2.4. Electronic Configuration and Energy Levels  2.5. Valency, ion formation and oxidation state
  3. Periodic table  3.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Trends  3.3. Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table  3.5. Metals, non-metals, metalloids and their properties  3.6. Noble gases and their chemical inertness
  4. Chemical bond  4.1. Formation of Chemical Bonds (Octet Rule)  4.2. Ionic Bonding and Properties of Ionic Compounds  4.3. Covalent Bond and Properties of Covalent Compounds  4.4. Metallic bond and its properties  4.5. Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory  4.6. Polarity and dipole moment of molecules  4.7. Intermolecular forces
  5. Chemical Reactions and Equations  5.1. Types of Chemical Reactions  5.2. Writing and balancing chemical equations  5.3. Law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions  5.4. Factors Affecting Chemical Reactions  5.5. Catalysts and their role in chemical reactions  5.6. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  6. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations  6.1. Mole concept and Avogadro number  6.2. Molar Mass and Gram-Mole Conversions  6.3. Empirical and molecular formula  6.4. Stoichiometric calculations and chemical yield  6.5. Limiting and Excess Reactants
  7. Acids, Bases and Salts  7.1. Properties and Definitions of Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis)  7.2. pH Scale, pOH, and Indicators  7.3. Neutralization reactions and salt formation  7.4. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases)  7.5. Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life  7.6. Salts, their solubility and applications
  8. Metals and Nonmetals  8.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  8.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  8.3. Reactivity Series of Metals and Displacement Reactions  8.4. Extraction of metals from ores  8.5. Corrosion, its causes and prevention  8.6. Alloys, their composition and uses
  9. Carbon and its compounds  9.1. Allotropes of Carbon  9.2. Hydrocarbons and their classification (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)  9.3. Functional groups in organic compounds  9.4. Nomenclature of organic compounds (IUPAC system)  9.5. Isomerism in organic chemistry (structural and geometrical)  9.6. Important organic reactions (combustion, addition, substitution, polymerization)  9.7. Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life
  10. Environmental Chemistry  10.1. Air Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control)  10.2. Water Pollution (Causes, Effects and Remedies)  10.3. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.4. Ozone layer depletion and its effects  10.5. Green Chemistry and Its Applications  10.6. sustainable chemistry practice
  11. Thermochemistry  11.1. Heat and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  11.2. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions  11.3. Enthalpy, enthalpy change, and heat of reaction  11.4. Specific heat capacity and calorimetry  11.5. Energy Changes in Combustion Reactions
  12. Electrochemistry  12.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes  12.2. Electrolysis and its applications (electroplating, extraction of metals)  12.3. Redox reactions (oxidation and reduction)  12.4. Galvanic cell and electrochemical series  12.5. Corrosion and electrochemical prevention methods
  13. Chemical kinetics and equilibrium  13.1. Rate of chemical reactions and its measurement  13.2. Factors affecting the reaction rate (catalyst, temperature, concentration)  13.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions  13.4. Dynamic equilibrium and equilibrium constant  13.5. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
  14. Gases and Gas Laws  14.1. Properties of gases and kinetic molecular theory  14.2. Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relation)  14.3. Charles's Law  14.4. Gay-Lussac's Law  14.5. Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law  14.6. Real Gases vs Ideal Gases
  15. Nuclear Chemistry  15.1. Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions  15.2. Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)  15.3. Half-life and applications of radioactive isotopes  15.4. Nuclear fission and fusion reactions  15.5. Nuclear power generation and its environmental impact

Grade 10 ↓


Environmental Chemistry


Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical processes in the environment that are affected by human activities. It involves understanding the chemical composition of the Earth's environment and the reactions that occur between natural elements and pollutants.

Understanding environmental chemistry

Environmental chemistry includes several disciplines, including atmospheric chemistry, water chemistry, and soil chemistry. Each of these fields explores how chemical components interact and how they are affected by human activities. Let's break down these categories.

Atmospheric chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry involves the study of the Earth's atmosphere and the chemicals it contains. This includes the study of the ozone layer, greenhouse gases, and pollutants that affect air quality.

Consider a basic reaction in atmospheric chemistry:

2NO 2 + H 2 O → HNO 3 + HONO

This reaction shows how nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) reacts with water to form nitric acid (HNO 3) and nitrous acid (HONO), both of which contribute to acid rain.

No.2 H2O feedback HNO3 Hon

Water chemistry

Water chemistry is vital to life on Earth, involving the study of the composition of water and its interactions with other substances. Contamination of water sources through chemical pollutants can have serious effects on ecosystems and human health.

Consider the simple but powerful reaction that occurs in polluted water bodies:

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

This equation shows photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H 2 O) produce glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 and oxygen (O 2), a process vital for aquatic plants.

CO2 H2O Production of O2

Soil chemistry

Soil chemistry focuses on the chemical composition of soil and the reactions that occur in this environment. Fertilizers, pesticides, and waste disposal can all alter the chemical balance of soil, affecting plant growth and ecosystem health.

An important chemical process in soil chemistry is nitrogen fixation:

N 2 + 8H + + 8E - → 2NH 3 + H 2

This equation sheds light on how atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) is converted into ammonia (NH 3), a form of nitrogen that plants can absorb.

N2 nh3 To

Effects of pollutants on the environment

Pollutants are substances that have a negative effect on the environment and living organisms. They come from various sources and can take many forms:

  • Gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2), which contribute to respiratory problems and environmental problems such as acid rain.
  • Liquid pollutants, such as industrial waste and oil, can harm aquatic life and water quality.
  • Solid pollutants, including plastic waste and heavy metals, which contaminate soil and water.

Acid rain

Acid rain is a serious consequence of air pollution. When pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x) react with water vapor in the atmosphere, they form acids that fall as rain, affecting soil and water bodies.

SO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 3

This reaction shows how sulfur dioxide turns into sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3) when it comes into contact with water.

Greenhouse effect and global warming

The greenhouse effect is a natural process in which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat, keeping the planet warm enough to sustain life. However, human activities have increased these gases, leading to global warming.

Ways to reduce environmental impact

Addressing environmental challenges requires multiple strategies that include changes in technology, policy, and behavior:

  • Reducing emissions from industries and vehicles to improve air quality.
  • Treating wastewater before releasing it into water bodies to protect the aquatic ecosystem.
  • Promote recycling and proper waste management to reduce soil and water pollution.

Sustainable practices

Adopting sustainable practices can help reduce harm to the environment. This includes using alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power, as well as encouraging the use of public transportation and energy-efficient appliances.

Through understanding environmental chemistry, society can make more informed decisions to protect and preserve the environment for future generations.


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Environmental Chemistry

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