Grade 10
  1. Matter and its properties  1.1. States of matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. Classification of substances (elements, compounds, mixtures)  1.4. Changes in Matter (Physical and Chemical Changes)  1.5. Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Historical development of the atomic model  2.2. Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)  2.3. Atomic number, mass number and isotopes  2.4. Electronic Configuration and Energy Levels  2.5. Valency, ion formation and oxidation state
  3. Periodic table  3.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Trends  3.3. Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table  3.5. Metals, non-metals, metalloids and their properties  3.6. Noble gases and their chemical inertness
  4. Chemical bond  4.1. Formation of Chemical Bonds (Octet Rule)  4.2. Ionic Bonding and Properties of Ionic Compounds  4.3. Covalent Bond and Properties of Covalent Compounds  4.4. Metallic bond and its properties  4.5. Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory  4.6. Polarity and dipole moment of molecules  4.7. Intermolecular forces
  5. Chemical Reactions and Equations  5.1. Types of Chemical Reactions  5.2. Writing and balancing chemical equations  5.3. Law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions  5.4. Factors Affecting Chemical Reactions  5.5. Catalysts and their role in chemical reactions  5.6. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  6. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations  6.1. Mole concept and Avogadro number  6.2. Molar Mass and Gram-Mole Conversions  6.3. Empirical and molecular formula  6.4. Stoichiometric calculations and chemical yield  6.5. Limiting and Excess Reactants
  7. Acids, Bases and Salts  7.1. Properties and Definitions of Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis)  7.2. pH Scale, pOH, and Indicators  7.3. Neutralization reactions and salt formation  7.4. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases)  7.5. Common Acids and Bases in Daily Life  7.6. Salts, their solubility and applications
  8. Metals and Nonmetals  8.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  8.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  8.3. Reactivity Series of Metals and Displacement Reactions  8.4. Extraction of metals from ores  8.5. Corrosion, its causes and prevention  8.6. Alloys, their composition and uses
  9. Carbon and its compounds  9.1. Allotropes of Carbon  9.2. Hydrocarbons and their classification (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)  9.3. Functional groups in organic compounds  9.4. Nomenclature of organic compounds (IUPAC system)  9.5. Isomerism in organic chemistry (structural and geometrical)  9.6. Important organic reactions (combustion, addition, substitution, polymerization)  9.7. Applications of organic compounds in industry and daily life
  10. Environmental Chemistry  10.1. Air Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control)  10.2. Water Pollution (Causes, Effects and Remedies)  10.3. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.4. Ozone layer depletion and its effects  10.5. Green Chemistry and Its Applications  10.6. sustainable chemistry practice
  11. Thermochemistry  11.1. Heat and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  11.2. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions  11.3. Enthalpy, enthalpy change, and heat of reaction  11.4. Specific heat capacity and calorimetry  11.5. Energy Changes in Combustion Reactions
  12. Electrochemistry  12.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes  12.2. Electrolysis and its applications (electroplating, extraction of metals)  12.3. Redox reactions (oxidation and reduction)  12.4. Galvanic cell and electrochemical series  12.5. Corrosion and electrochemical prevention methods
  13. Chemical kinetics and equilibrium  13.1. Rate of chemical reactions and its measurement  13.2. Factors affecting the reaction rate (catalyst, temperature, concentration)  13.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions  13.4. Dynamic equilibrium and equilibrium constant  13.5. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
  14. Gases and Gas Laws  14.1. Properties of gases and kinetic molecular theory  14.2. Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relation)  14.3. Charles's Law  14.4. Gay-Lussac's Law  14.5. Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law  14.6. Real Gases vs Ideal Gases
  15. Nuclear Chemistry  15.1. Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions  15.2. Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)  15.3. Half-life and applications of radioactive isotopes  15.4. Nuclear fission and fusion reactions  15.5. Nuclear power generation and its environmental impact

Grade 10 → Metals and Nonmetals ↓


Alloys, their composition and uses


Introduction to alloys

In the world of chemistry and materials science, alloys play an important role. Alloys are mixtures of two or more elements, with at least one component being a metal. Alloys are designed to have specific properties that differ from the component elements, providing advantages in various applications compared to pure metals.

What is alloy?

Alloys are substances made by combining metals with other metals or nonmetals. The primary metal in an alloy is called the base metal. Other elements are added to improve certain characteristics such as strength, durability, ductility, or resistance to corrosion.

Alloy = Base Metal + Other Elements

Types of alloys

Alloys may be broadly classified into two categories based on their composition:

  • Ferrous alloys: These contain iron as the main component. Examples include steel and cast iron.
  • Non-ferrous alloys: These do not contain iron as the main component. Examples include brass and bronze.

Common alloys and their structure

Steel

Steel is one of the most widely used alloys in the world. It consists primarily of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon can vary, changing the properties of steel.

Steel = Iron (Fe) + Carbon (C)

Some types of steel may contain additional elements such as manganese, chromium, and vanadium to increase strength and resistance.

Brass

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is known for its lustrous gold-like appearance and is used in a variety of applications such as musical instruments, decorative items, and fittings.

Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn)

Bronze

Bronze is similar to brass, but contains a different combination of elements. It is an alloy of copper and tin, which has a very old history of use. Bronze is used to make sculptures, medals and coins.

Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn)

Aluminum alloy

Aluminium alloys contain aluminium as the main metal along with elements such as copper, magnesium, and silicon. These alloys are known for their light weight and are used in the aerospace and automobile industries.

Aluminum Alloy = Aluminum (Al) + Various Elements

Visual example of alloy structure

Consider a visual breakdown of a simple alloy system:

Base metal (Fe)Carbon (C)+ Additional elements

Properties of alloy

Alloys generally exhibit improved properties over their constituent materials. These improved properties include:

  • Strength: Alloys are often stronger than pure metals, and provide better mechanical support.
  • Corrosion Resistance: Many alloys are designed to resist rust and corrosion, increasing their lifespan, even in harsh environments.
  • Durability: They are more durable than pure metals and are less prone to wear and tear.
  • Ductility: Alloys can become more ductile, meaning they can be drawn into wires without breaking.
  • Conductivity: Some alloys have better electrical and thermal conductivity properties.

Applications of alloys

Alloys are used in a wide range of applications due to their unique properties:

Construction industry

Alloys such as steel are fundamental in the construction of buildings, bridges and infrastructure due to their strength and durability.

Automobile and aerospace industry

The use of aluminium alloys has grown significantly in these industries due to the demand for lightweight yet strong materials. They contribute to fuel efficiency and improved performance.

Electrical and electronic equipment

Due to their good conductive properties, some alloys are used extensively in electrical wiring, components, and devices.

Medical equipment

Some alloys are used in medical devices due to their non-reactive and non-toxic nature, for example, titanium alloys in implants.

Everyday objects

Many everyday objects and household items, such as cutlery, door handles and many others, are made from various alloys due to their beneficial properties.

Conclusion

Alloys are an integral part of our everyday lives, providing materials with optimized properties that offer practical and efficient solutions. Understanding their structure and uses helps us understand their role in technological and industrial advancements.


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