PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Materials chemistry → Nano Chemistry ↓


Carbon-based nanomaterials


Carbon-based nanomaterials are a fascinating subgroup of materials in nanochemistry that encompass a diverse range of structures and properties. These materials are composed primarily of carbon atoms, which are arranged into specific nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and others. Carbon's unique structural versatility and excellent physical, chemical, and mechanical properties allow these nanomaterials to have many potential applications, from electronics to medicine.

Understanding carbon structures

Carbon atoms can form a wide variety of structures due to their ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. This versatility allows carbon to form both stable linear chains and complex three-dimensional structures. Some of the most common allotropes of carbon include:

  • Graphite: A layered structure in which carbon atoms are bonded together in hexagonal lattices.
  • Diamond: A three-dimensional structure in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms, forming a strong, rigid lattice.
  • Amorphous carbon: lacks a clear shape or form, and the carbon atoms are arranged in a more random configuration.

Key carbon-based nanomaterials

1. Fullerene

Fullerenes, also known as "buckyballs," are spherical arrangements of carbon atoms. The most famous is C60, which resembles a soccer ball in structure.

C60: A sphere composed of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons (like a soccer ball).

Fullerenes have unique properties, such as high electron affinity, large surface area, and the ability to undergo a variety of chemical reactions, which make them useful in materials and medical applications.

2. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made by rolling graphene sheets. They can be single-walled (SWCNT) or multi-walled (MWCNT).

SWCNT: A single layer cylinder of graphene. MWCNT: Multiple layers of graphene cylinders.

These structures have remarkable tensile strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. CNTs are used in a variety of fields including composite materials, electronics, and sensors.

3. Graphene

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is the basic structural element of other carbon-based nanomaterials such as CNTs and fullerenes.

Graphene: A one atom thick sheet of carbon atoms.

Graphene has incredible electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity. This makes it an excellent candidate for applications such as flexible electronics, conductive inks, and energy storage devices.

Applications of carbon-based nanomaterials

The unique properties of carbon-based nanomaterials create opportunities in a number of industries:

Electronics

Carbon-based nanomaterials are revolutionizing electronic applications due to their excellent electrical conductivity. Here are some typical uses:

  • Transistors: Graphene is used to make faster, smaller transistors than traditional silicon.
  • Transparent conductors: Films of graphene or CNTs could replace indium tin oxide (ITO) for touch screens and solar cells.

Energy storage and conversion

The high surface area and conductivity of carbon-based nanomaterials make them excellent candidates for energy-related applications:

  • Supercapacitors: CNTs and graphene are used to make high-performance supercapacitors with rapid charge/discharge rates.
  • Batteries: These materials are integrated into the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries to improve capacity and charge cycles.

Medical and biotechnology

The biocompatibility and functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials open up new possibilities in healthcare:

  • Drug delivery: Fullerenes are used to carry and deliver drugs to target cells.
  • Imaging: CNTs improve contrast in MRI imaging and can be used as thermal imaging agents.

In conclusion, carbon-based nanomaterials have extraordinary potential to impact a variety of fields due to their unique properties and structures. From electronics to medicine, these nanoscale materials provide innovative solutions to ongoing challenges, paving the way for advancements in technology and healthcare.


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