PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Inorganic chemistry ↓


Coordination chemistry


Introduction to coordination chemistry

Coordination chemistry is a fascinating branch of inorganic chemistry that deals with the study of complexes formed between metal ions and ligands. It is a field that incorporates both theoretical and practical approaches to chemistry, covering aspects such as the structure, properties, and reactivity of coordination compounds. At its core, the science delves into the interactions between central metal atoms or ions – often transition metals – and the surrounding molecules or ions known as ligands.

Historical background

The roots of coordination chemistry can be traced back to the late 19th century. Alfred Werner is considered the father of the field, who formulated theories that help explain the bonding and structure of coordination compounds. Werner's work in the early 20th century laid the foundation for understanding how metal ions bind to ligands, significantly recognizing the concept of coordination number and geometry.

Basic concepts of coordination compounds

Coordination compounds contain a central metal atom or ion bound to a group of molecules or ions known as ligands. The chemical notation for these compounds is usually in the form:

[Metal(Ligand)n]⊕/⊖

This notation highlights a central "metal" surrounded by "n" ligands within square brackets. The positive or negative sign indicates an overall charge based on whether the complex is anionic or cationic.

Metal center

The metal center in coordination chemistry is typically a transition metal, because of their ability to form multiple bonds with ligands. These metals often exhibit different oxidation states and have variable coordination numbers. Common metals involved include iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni).

Ligands

Ligands are ions or molecules that form coordinate covalent bonds by donating at least one pair of electrons to the metal center. They may be neutral molecules such as water (H2O) or ammonia (NH3) or anions such as chloride (Cl⁻) or hydroxide (OH⁻). Ligands are classified primarily by their denticity, which refers to the number of donor atoms that bind to the metal ion.

Denticity examples

Monodentate ligands: These ligands have one atom that binds to the metal center. Example: Cl⁻, NH3.
Bidentate ligands: Ligands with two atoms that can coordinate to a metal. Example: Ethylenediamine (en), NH2-CH2-CH2-NH2.
Polydentate ligand: Ligands with multiple binding sites. Example: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a hexadentate ligand.

Coordination number and geometry

The coordination number indicates the number of ligand donor atoms directly bonded to the metal ion. This number determines the geometry of the coordination complex. For example, a coordination number of 4 generally leads to a tetrahedral or square planar geometry, while 6 leads to an octahedral geometry.

Metal

Nomenclature of coordination compounds

The naming of coordination compounds involves a systematic approach established by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The naming process includes:

  • Naming the ligands in alphabetical order before the metal.
  • Neutral ligands usually name the molecule (for example, aqua for H2O, amine for NH3), while anionic ligands end in 'o' (for example, chloro for Cl⁻).
  • The name of the metal is given, followed by its oxidation state in Roman numerals in brackets.

Reaction mechanisms in coordination chemistry

Reactions in coordination chemistry cover a wide spectrum of processes including ligand substitution, electron transfer, and isomerization. Mechanisms such as associative and dissociative pathways explain how ligands are attached to or removed from the metal center.

Ligand substitution examples

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4 H2O → [Cu(H2O)4]2+ + 4 NH3

This reaction shows replacement of NH3 ligand with H2O in the copper complex.

Applications of coordination compounds

The versatility of coordination complexes makes them useful in many areas:

  • Catalysis: Metal complexes are used as catalysts in many industrial processes, such as the famous Wilkinson catalyst for hydrogenation reactions.
  • Medicinal chemistry: Compounds such as cisplatin are used in the treatment of cancer, as they can bind to DNA and interfere with cell division.
  • Materials science: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used for gas storage, separation, and as sensors due to their porous structure.

Conclusion

Coordination chemistry serves as a cornerstone of inorganic chemistry, the principles of which are applied in a wide variety of fields ranging from industrial chemistry to medicine. By manipulating metal-ligand interactions and understanding the geometric and electronic structures of these molecules, chemists can design new materials and compounds with tailored properties and functions. Coordination chemistry continues to expand, driven by the discovery of new discoveries and technologies that benefit a variety of scientific fields.


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Coordination chemistry

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