PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Physical Chemistry ↓


Surface and Colloid Chemistry


Surface and colloid chemistry is a branch of physical chemistry that studies the properties and behaviors of surfaces and colloidal systems. These two fields are often studied together because they both interact at the molecular or particle level that affects the macroscale properties of materials and processes. This area of chemistry is important in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, food production, cosmetics, and materials science.

What is surface chemistry?

Surface chemistry refers to the study of the chemical reactions, properties, and structures at the interface between two phases, such as between a solid and a liquid, a solid and a gas, or a liquid and a gas. The 'surface' in this context is the boundary or outermost layer of a substance.

An important concept in surface chemistry is surface energy, which is the energy required to increase the surface area of a substance. Higher surface energy means that there are more molecular interactions, which generally increases chemical reactivity. An example of a material with high surface energy is water, which readily forms hydrogen bonds.

Absorption

Adsorption is the process by which atoms, ions, or molecules stick to a surface. It is different from absorption, where substances dissolve in or become dissolved in a liquid or solid. Adsorption occurs on surfaces, and its efficiency can significantly affect chemical processes and reactions.

solid surface Adsorbed molecule

Adsorption can be measured by means of adsorption isotherms, which are equations or models that express how the molecules of a substance are distributed between the liquid phase and the solid phase in equilibrium at a constant temperature. A classical model is the Langmuir isotherm, which assumes a monolayer adsorption:

q = (q_max * K * C) / (1 + K * C)

In this equation:

  • q is the amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent
  • q_max is the maximum absorption capacity
  • K is the Langmuir constant which is related to the affinity of the binding sites
  • C is the concentration of the adsorbed substance in the solution

Colloid chemistry

Colloid chemistry deals with systems in which one or more phases have dimensions on the order of nanometers, typically ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers. Colloids can be classified based on their physical state or the nature of the interaction between the dispersed phase and the medium.

Examples of colloidal systems:

  • Foam: A gas dispersed in a liquid, such as whipped cream.
  • Emulsion: Dispersal of one liquid into another, such as mayonnaise.
  • Sols: Solid particles in a liquid, such as paint.

Colloids are often stabilized by surfactants, which are molecules that accumulate at the boundary between phases. Surfactants can lower the surface tension of the medium, aiding in the formation and stabilization of the colloidal system.

Tyndall effect

The Tyndall effect is an observable scattering of light by particles in a colloid or very fine suspension. It shows how colloids can exhibit different optical properties than solutions.

light source supervisor

Surfactants and micelles

Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They have a hydrophilic 'head' and a hydrophobic 'tail'. This feature allows them to form structures called micelles in aqueous solution.

Micelles

Micelles are spherical structures that form when the concentration of surfactant molecules reaches a critical level. The hydrophobic tails segregate themselves in the center, away from the water, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, interacting with the water.

Applications of surface and colloid chemistry

Understanding surface and colloid chemistry is important for a variety of technological applications:

  • Drug delivery: Colloidal systems are often used to encapsulate drugs, allowing controlled release and targeted delivery.
  • Mining: Surfactants are used to extract valuable minerals from ores through processes such as froth flotation.
  • Cleaning: Detergents are surfactants that help remove dirt and grease from surfaces.
  • Food industry: Emulsifiers are used to stabilize food products such as salad dressings and ice creams.

An important consideration for the environment is the biodegradability of surfactants. Dissolved surfactants disintegrate and reduce environmental impact, which is important for sustainable chemistry practices.

Conclusion

Surface and colloid chemistry is an essential field that helps answer fundamental and applied questions about how matter interacts at the molecular and particle level. It has a wide range of applications, making it vital to technological development, environmental sustainability, and industrial processes.


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Surface and Colloid Chemistry

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