PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Inorganic chemistry ↓


Organometallic Chemistry


Introduction

Organometallic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal. These compounds, known as organometallic compounds, are widely used in a variety of industrial and scientific applications. The metal in organometallic chemistry can be a transition metal, such as iron or nickel, or a metalloid, such as silicon or boron. Understanding the principles and reactions of organometallic compounds is important for advances in catalysis, materials science, and organic synthesis.

Historical background

The development of organometallic chemistry has its roots in the early 19th century. The first organometallic compound, C 2 H 5 Na (ethyl sodium), was synthesized by Edward Frankland in 1849. This discovery laid the groundwork for further exploration into the unique properties of organometallic compounds. The field has evolved considerably since then, including the discovery Zeise's salt (K[PtCl 3 (C 2 H 4 )], one of the first known transition metal alkane complexes.

Key Concepts in Organometallic Chemistry

Organometallic chemistry is characterized by several key concepts that define its scope and technological implications.

Metal–carbon bond

The defining feature of organometallic compounds is the metal-carbon (MC) bond. This bond can form through a variety of mechanisms, including covalent bonding, ionic interactions, or coordination. The nature of the MC bond significantly affects the reactivity and stability of organometallic compounds.

Electron count

Electron counting is an important exercise in organometallic chemistry, providing information about the electronic structure and reactivity of compounds. The stability of organometallic compounds is often related to the 18-electron rule, which states that compounds with 18 valence electrons are stable due to full d orbital complementarity.

Ligands in organometallic chemistry

Ligands are atoms or groups of atoms that donate electrons to a metal center. In organometallic chemistry, ligands include carbon-based entities such as alkenes, alkynes, and cyclopentadienyl ions. Each type of ligand brings unique properties to the organometallic compound, which affects its reactivity and applications.

Organometallic Reactions

Organometallic compounds participate in a wide variety of reactions. These reactions are important for synthetic applications, especially in organic and polymer chemistry.

Insertion reactions

RM + XY → RXMY

In insertion reactions, the molecule inserts itself into the M-C bond, thereby transforming the compound. This is a common pathway in catalytic processes. A classic example is the insertion of carbon monoxide into a metal-carbon bond, forming an acyl complex.

Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination

Oxidative Addition: M + XY → XMY Reductive Elimination: XMY → M + XY

These reactions are fundamental in catalytic cycles. Oxidative addition involves an increase in the oxidation state of the metal, while reductive elimination involves a decrease. These reactions enable transformations central to industrial applications, including carbon-carbon bond formation.

Applications of Organometallic Chemistry

Organometallic chemistry has a wide range of industrial and research applications. Understanding these applications highlights the importance of organometallic compounds in advancing technology and science.

Catalysis

Organometallic compounds are important catalysts in processes such as olefin polymerization, carbonylation, and hydrogenation. The Ziegler-Natta catalyst, a titanium-based organometallic compound, revolutionized the production of polyethylene and polypropylene.

Physics

In materials science, organometallic compounds are used to create advanced materials with special properties. Organometallic precursors are used in chemical vapor deposition to make thin films for semiconductors, solar cells, and surface coatings.

Organic synthesis

Organometallic reagents, such as Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds, are essential tools in organic synthesis. They enable the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, facilitating the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

Challenges and future perspectives

Despite significant advances in organometallic chemistry, challenges remain. Stability and sensitivity to moisture and air limit the practical applications of many organometallic compounds. Ongoing research aims to develop more robust compounds and sustainable processes.

Conclusion

Organometallic chemistry is a dynamic field that has a profound impact on many scientific and industrial disciplines. By understanding the principles of metal-carbon bonding, electron counts, and ligand behavior, chemists can use the reactivity of organometallic compounds to spur innovation in catalysis, materials science, and organic synthesis. Continued research and development will undoubtedly expand the horizons of organometallic chemistry, bringing new possibilities and solutions to future challenges.

Visual Example

Below are some examples of organometallic compounds and reactions:

Figure 1: Simplified diagram of Ferrocene structure, showing a sandwich compound composed of two cyclopentadienyl ions bonded to a central iron atom.

step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4

Figure 2: Diagram of a general catalytic cycle, highlighting the steps involved in a metal-mediated reaction process.


PHD → 1.2


U
username
0%
completed in PHD

← Prev (1.1.7)
Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions
Next (1.2.1) →
Metal Carbonyls

Comments 



Organometallic Chemistry

https://www.chemistryelite.com/phd/1.2?ceal=en