PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Materials chemistry ↓


Nano Chemistry


Nanochemistry is an interesting interdisciplinary field at the juncture of chemistry and nanoscience. It involves the synthesis and application of chemical systems on the nanoscale (typically less than 100 nanometers), which is crucial for developing materials with new properties and functions. The study covers diverse areas such as catalysis, medicine, electronics, and energy storage, providing tools for fabricating structures with atomic precision.

Introduction to nanochemistry:

Nanochemistry focuses on the unique properties that substances exhibit when shrunk to the nanometer scale. At this dimension, substances often exhibit different physical and chemical properties than their bulk counterparts. This is primarily due to the increased surface area to volume ratio and quantum effects that become important at such small scales.

Example of quantum effect:

The bandgap of semiconductor nanoparticles can be tuned by changing their size, a process known as quantum confinement. For example, CdSe quantum dots display different colors depending on their size: smaller dots emit blue light, while larger dots emit red light. This property is used in quantum dot displays and biomedical imaging.

Key concepts in nanochemistry:

1. Nanoscale dimensions:

The nanometer scale represents one billionth of a meter. At this scale, quantum mechanical effects become important, leading to new properties. For example:

quantum dots

2. Surface area to volume ratio:

As the size of the particles decreases, the relative amount of surface area increases, allowing more surface interactions to occur. This is important in catalysis, where a larger surface area can lead to more efficient reactions. For example:

Surface area ∝ 1/size
Increased surface area

3. Chemical reactivity:

Nanoscale materials often exhibit different chemical reactivity due to their small size and unique electronic properties. This factor is important in designing nano-catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions more effectively than their bulk counterparts.

Synthesis strategies in nanochemistry:

The synthesis of nanomaterials involves a variety of methods and can be broadly classified into top-down and bottom-up methods.

1. Top-down approach:

This approach involves breaking down bulk materials into nanostructures using physical methods. Some common techniques are:

  • Ball milling: Mechanical grinding to reduce size.
  • Laser ablation: Using laser pulses to fragment material.
  • Etching: Chemically etching away layers to achieve nanoscale precision.

2. Bottom-up approach:

The bottom-up approach builds materials from the atomic level through chemical reactions. Methods include:

  • Sol-gel processing: Making nanoparticles by converting a liquid solution into a solid gel.
  • Self-assembly: The spontaneous organization of molecules into structured nanomaterials.
  • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD): Producing thin films through the deposition of vaporized precursors.

Case study: Gold nanoparticles:

Gold nanoparticles can be synthesized by reducing gold salts in solution. These nanoparticles exhibit distinctive optical properties due to localized surface plasmon resonance, making them useful in medical imaging and diagnostics.

Applications of nanochemistry:

1. Medicine:

In medicine, nanochemistry is advancing drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver drugs specifically to targeted cells, such as cancer cells, minimizing side effects. Additionally, materials such as liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers are used to transport chemotherapeutic drugs to specific locations.

2. Electronics:

Nanochemistry helps create smaller, more efficient electronic components. The electrical properties of quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene are being explored to develop high-performance electronic devices.

3. Energy storage:

Nanochemistry plays a key role in developing advanced energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Nanoscale materials can increase the surface area and thus improve capacity and efficiency. Materials such as lithium cobalt oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles are used in modern lithium-ion batteries.

4. Environmental applications:

Nanoscale catalysts and photocatalysts can reduce pollutants and clean the environment. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are used to break down organic matter in water purification processes.

Challenges and future prospects:

Despite its enormous potential, nanochemistry faces challenges such as controlling the uniformity of nanoscale materials, the scalability of production processes, and understanding the long-term effects of nanomaterials on health and the environment. However, continuing advances in synthesis methods and characterization tools promise to address these issues.

Future perspective:

Looking to the future, nanochemistry has the potential to revolutionise many aspects of technology and industry. Innovations could lead to the development of new smart materials, advanced sensors and even molecular machines.

Conclusion:

Nanochemistry is a vital field driving the advancement of science and technology. Understanding and manipulating materials at the nanoscale allows scientists to create innovative solutions to some of the world's biggest challenges. From medicine to electronics and environmental protection, the future of nanochemistry is full of possibilities that could redefine materials chemistry.


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Nano Chemistry

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