PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD ↓


Materials chemistry


Materials chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that integrates the principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering. It is dedicated to understanding, designing, and developing materials with novel properties. These materials may be invasive in technology, important in medicine, or simply for everyday use. The subject is vast, covering many domains, including polymers, ceramics, metals, composites, and nanomaterials.

Fundamentals of materials chemistry

Basically, materials chemistry is based on the understanding of the structure and properties of different substances. This includes the bonds between atoms, the arrangement of these atoms within a substance, and the importance of the forces between them. When these atomic arrangements are manipulated, the result is a change in the properties of the substance.

For example, the difference between diamond and graphite, which are made of carbon, lies in their structure. In diamond, each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a three-dimensional tetrahedral pattern:

            C /| / |  C--C--C /  | CC
            C /| / |  C--C--C /  | CC

In contrast, graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms arranged in two-dimensional hexagonal lattices:

            C---C---C  /  / CC /  /  C---C---C
            C---C---C  /  / CC /  /  C---C---C

These different structures give graphite its lubricity and electrically conducting properties and diamond its hardness and insulating properties.

Types of materials

Materials can be broadly classified into different categories: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Each type of material has its own distinct characteristics and applications.

Metals

Metals are characterized by their ability to conduct electricity and heat, their malleability, and often their ductility. Metallic bonds and closely packed structures are responsible for these properties. An example of this is the sea of electrons in metallic bonds that allows for excellent conductivity:

            + - + - + - | | | + - + - + - | | | + - + - + -
            + - + - + - | | | + - + - + - | | | + - + - + -

Metals such as iron, aluminum, and copper are important in construction, electrical wiring, and many alloys.

Earthen pots

Ceramics are typically brittle, non-conductive materials composed of metallic and non-metallic elements. Their strength and heat resistance are due to ionic and covalent bonds:

            M+ - N-  / O--MO^   N+ - M- / /  --MO--
            M+ - N-  / O--MO^   N+ - M- / /  --MO--

Ceramics are used in pottery, spacecraft, and medical implants.

Polymer

Polymers have long molecular chains and can be natural, such as rubber, or synthetic, such as the plastic used in bottles. The properties of polymers are highly customized by modifying the monomers and the polymerization process. Here's an example of a polymer chain:

            HHHH | | | | -C—C—C—C— (repeating unit)- | | | | HHHH
            HHHH | | | | -C—C—C—C— (repeating unit)- | | | | HHHH

Composites

Composites are materials made from two or more component materials that have different properties. They work synergistically to provide improved mechanical strength, durability, and aesthetic properties. Examples include fiberglass and carbon nanotube composites.

Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials have become a major field within materials chemistry due to their unique properties on a scale of less than 100 nanometers. These materials exhibit high surface area-to-volume ratios, which impact catalytic, electronic, and mechanical properties.

For example, gold nanoparticles, despite being known as an inert metal, exhibit catalytic activity in the nanoform and exhibit colours due to plasmon resonance:

            Nano gold particle Color: Red or Purple Catalytic property: Active
            Nano gold particle Color: Red or Purple Catalytic property: Active

Applications of nanomaterials include drug delivery systems, electronics, and environmental remediation.

Applications of materials chemistry

Materials chemistry makes significant contributions to diverse fields such as energy, healthcare, and electronics, and is essential for the advancement of technology.

Energy

In the field of energy, materials chemistry aims to improve the efficiency of energy storage and conversion devices such as batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaics. Lithium-ion batteries use intercalating materials for efficient energy transfer:

            LiCoO2 + C6Lix ⟶ CoO2 + C6Lix
            LiCoO2 + C6Lix ⟶ CoO2 + C6Lix

Innovations in electrolytes and electrode materials have further pushed the boundaries of energy storage.

Health care

In healthcare, materials chemistry is critical in developing biocompatible implants and drug delivery systems. Polymers and composites are engineered to interact safely with human tissue, delivering drugs at a controlled rate. Considerations for material properties ensure safety and efficacy.

Electronics

Advances in materials chemistry have revolutionized the electronics industry. Semiconductors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and transparent conductor materials are just some of the results of materials innovation. Exciting examples include the development of organic LEDs (OLEDs) that promise more efficient lighting solutions:

            Light Emission: Organic Layer + Electrical Charge ⟶ Photon
            Light Emission: Organic Layer + Electrical Charge ⟶ Photon

The future of materials chemistry

As we look to the future, materials chemistry will continue to play a central role in solving societal challenges such as sustainable energy, clean water, and environmental health.

In particular, the development of smart materials and adaptive systems can lead to unprecedented advances in technology and the living environment. Smart materials that respond to environmental stimuli promise applications ranging from self-repairing structures to adaptive clothing:

            Responsive behavior: Environmental Stimulus ⟶ Change in Material Property
            Responsive behavior: Environmental Stimulus ⟶ Change in Material Property

Ultimately, interdisciplinary research and collaboration will move the field forward, creating opportunities for innovation and improvement in the quality of human life.

Understanding the principles and applications of materials chemistry not only empowers us to innovate, but also gives us the tools to address global challenges. The study of this science is dynamic and requires constant exploration, and its benefits go beyond any single discipline, touching every aspect of our daily lives.


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