PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Inorganic chemistry ↓


Solid state chemistry


Solid state chemistry, also known as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid state substances. This field of chemistry lies at the junction of chemistry, physics, and engineering, and involves the study of how the atomic and molecular arrangement of solids relates to their macroscopic properties.

Fundamentals of solid state chemistry

Solid state refers to the state of matter in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a fixed structure. Unlike gases or liquids, atoms in solids have fixed positions relative to each other, although they can vibrate about these fixed points. This fixed relationship leads to the rigidity of solids.

Solids are mainly classified into two categories:

  • Crystalline solids: These have an ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms over long distances. Examples include NaCl (table salt) and diamonds.
  • Amorphous solids: These do not have a long-range ordered structure. Examples include glass and many polymers.

Crystal structure

The arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids is known as the crystal structure. Understanding crystal structure is important in solid state chemistry because it helps explain many of the properties and behaviors of solid matter.

Essential terms relating to crystal structure include:

  • Unit cell: The smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice that can assemble to recreate the complete structure.
  • Lattice: Regular geometric arrangement of points in crystal space.
  • Coordination number: The number of atoms directly surrounding a given atom in a crystal.

Visual example: Cubic lattice

Types of crystal systems

Seven crystal systems provide a classification based on the different possible symmetry contents and the dimensions of the unit cells:

  • Cube
  • Square
  • Orthorhombic
  • Hexagonal
  • Tikona
  • Monoclinic
  • Triclinic

Cube system example

In the cubic crystal system, all three edges of the unit cell (a, b, c) are equal, and the angles between these edges are all 90 degrees. A classic example of cubic symmetry is the structure of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Electronic properties

In solid state chemistry, electronic properties are very important. The nature of the bond and the arrangement of the atoms affect how the electrons are distributed in the solid. Some properties to consider are:

  • Conductivity: How easily electrons can move through a material.
  • Band gap: Energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band.
  • Semiconductors: Materials that have an intermediate level of electrical conductivity.

Visual example: Band structure of a semiconductor

conduction band valence band band gap

Defects in solids

In real-world materials, imperfections or defects are common and actually play an important role in determining the properties of the material. Types of defects include:

  • Point defects: These include vacancies (missing atoms) and interstitials (extra atoms placed in the structure).
  • Line defects: Also known as dislocations, these arise along a line in the crystal lattice.
  • Plane defects: It involves disturbances in the plane surfaces of a solid.

Applications of solid state chemistry

Solid state chemistry is fundamental to the development of new materials with specific properties and functions. Some applications include:

  • Electronics: Understanding semiconductors and insulators is important for manufacturing electronic components.
  • Renewable energy: Development of materials for solar cells and batteries.
  • Structural materials: Designing high strength and durability materials for construction and manufacturing.

Future directions

The future of solid state chemistry is directed toward designing materials with optimized properties. Advances in computational chemistry allow researchers to predict the structure and properties of new materials before they are artificially realized.

Conclusion

Solid state chemistry plays a vital role in the understanding and technological application of materials. By investigating the relationship between atomic structure and macroscopic properties, chemists can develop innovative materials for a wide range of practical applications. As technology continues to advance, the importance of solid state chemistry in driving progress will only increase.


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Solid state chemistry

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