PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD ↓


Inorganic chemistry


Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry focused on the study of inorganic compounds, which typically do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. It includes a wide range of chemical compounds, including salts, metals, minerals, and substances derived from inanimate objects. Understanding inorganic compounds is important because they play important roles in many fields, such as medicine, industry, and catalysis. This broad field of chemistry often intersects with materials science, geochemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry to explore the roles of metals in biological systems.

Role of elements and the periodic table

The periodic table serves as a powerful tool in inorganic chemistry by organizing elements based on their properties and behavior. It helps chemists predict how elements will interact to form compounds. For example, elements in Group 1, known as the alkali metals, easily lose an electron to form positive ions, or cations. In contrast, elements in Group 17, known as the halogens, easily gain an electron to form negative ions, or anions.

Below is a simplified representation of the periodic table:

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Types of inorganic compounds

There are a variety of inorganic compounds, each of which has specific chemical and physical properties that affect their applications.

Salts

Salts are ionic compounds that form from the reaction of an acid and a base. A simple example of a salt is sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as table salt. In sodium chloride, the sodium (Na^+) and chloride (Cl^−) ions are held together by ionic bonds.

Oxides

Oxides are compounds in which oxygen atoms are bonded to another element. They are widespread and vary in behavior. For example, iron oxide (Fe_2O_3), commonly known as rust, forms when iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture.

Coordination compounds

Coordination compounds or complexes contain a central atom or ion, usually a metal, surrounded by molecules or anions known as ligands. An example of this is [Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+} complex, in which copper is coordinated with four ammonia molecules.

Copper Complex: [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺

Simplified model of a coordination compound:

Basic principles and theory in inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry relies on several theories and principles to understand the behavior and characteristics of elements and compounds.

Lewis acid–base theory

Lewis theory extends the definition of acids and bases beyond acids and bases that donate or accept protons. Lewis acids are electron-pair acceptors, while Lewis bases are electron-pair donors. A classic example of this is the reaction between boron trifluoride (BF_3) and ammonia (NH_3), where BF_3 acts as the Lewis acid and NH_3 as the Lewis base.

Crystal field theory

Crystal field theory (CFT) describes how the electronic structure of transition metal ions is affected by their surrounding environment in a crystal or complex. CFT is helpful in understanding the colour, magnetic properties and reactivity of coordination compounds.

Molecular orbital theory

Molecular orbital theory (MOT) describes how the atomic orbitals of atoms combine to form molecular orbitals, which are important in determining the properties of molecules. This theory helps explain phenomena such as bond order, magnetism, and the color of compounds.

Relevance of inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is important in a variety of fields, including material science, medicine, and advanced manufacturing. Inorganic compounds are essential in making semiconductors, superconductors, ceramics, and more.

Catalysis

Transition metals and their compounds often serve as catalysts in industrial processes. Catalysts increase reaction rates without consuming energy. For example, the Haber process, which makes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, uses iron as a catalyst.

Environmental science

Inorganic chemistry plays an important role in understanding pollutants and developing ways to reduce their effects. For example, the study of metal oxides helps develop technology to reduce emissions from combustion engines.

Biological systems

Bioinorganic chemistry investigates the role of metals in biological systems. Iron in hemoglobin, magnesium in chlorophyll, and zinc in enzymes highlight the importance of inorganic elements in life processes.

Laboratory techniques in inorganic chemistry

Laboratory techniques such as spectroscopy, crystallography, and chromatography are used to study the structure and properties of inorganic compounds. These techniques allow scientists to analyze the structure, purity, and reactivity of compounds.

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) help identify functional groups and electronic transitions in inorganic compounds.

Crystallography

X-ray crystallography provides detailed information about the three-dimensional structures of crystals. This technique is important for understanding complex solid state structures.

Challenges and future perspectives in inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is constantly evolving, addressing challenges such as environmental sustainability, novel materials discovery, and biological insights. Developing new catalysts for green chemistry, understanding metal-based diseases, and exploring the potential of the periodic table remain important areas of interest.

As technology advances, inorganic chemistry will play an even more important role in solving global challenges and improving the quality of life. Emerging fields such as nanotechnology and quantum computing open new avenues for research and application.

In conclusion, inorganic chemistry is a foundational branch of chemistry that has wide-reaching influence in a variety of scientific and industrial fields. Mastering the principles of inorganic chemistry is essential for future advances in technology, medicine, and environmental sustainability.


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Inorganic chemistry

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