PHD
  1. Inorganic chemistry  1.1. Coordination chemistry  1.1.1. Ligand field theory  1.1.2. Crystal field theory  1.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory for Coordination Compounds  1.1.4. Stability of Coordination Compounds  1.1.5. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds  1.1.6. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds  1.1.7. Kinetics and mechanism of coordination reactions  1.2. Organometallic Chemistry  1.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  1.2.2. Metal alkyl and aryl  1.2.3. Fischer and Schrock carbonaceans  1.2.4. Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination  1.2.5. Metal Hydrides  1.2.6. Catalysis by organometallic compounds  1.2.7. Metallocenes and Sandwich Complexes  1.2.8. CH activation  1.3. Solid state chemistry  1.3.1. Crystal structures and lattices  1.3.2. Band theory and electrical properties  1.3.3. Defects in the crystal  1.3.4. Synthesis of solid state materials  1.3.5. Magnetic and optical properties of solids  1.3.6. Superconductivity  1.3.7. Solid state ionics  1.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  1.4.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  1.4.2. Metal ion transport and storage  1.4.3. The role of metals in medicine  1.4.4. Bioinspired catalysis  1.4.5. Metal–DNA interactions  1.4.6. Metal Complexes in Medical Science  1.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.1. Electronic configuration and oxidation states in lanthanides and actinides  1.5.2. Spectral and Magnetic Properties in Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.3. Separation and Extraction of Lanthanides and Actinides  1.5.4. Coordination chemistry of f-block elements  1.6. Main Group Chemistry  1.6.1. Chemistry of boron compounds  1.6.2. Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium Compounds  1.6.3. Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds  1.6.4. Organosilicon chemistry  1.6.5. Noble Gas Chemistry
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition and substitution reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.1.7. Photochemical reactions  2.2. Stereoscopic  2.2.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.2.2. Structural analysis  2.2.3. Stereoelectronic effects  2.2.4. Asymmetric synthesis  2.2.5. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.3. Organometallic Chemistry in Organic Synthesis  2.3.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions  2.3.3. Palladium-catalyzed reactions  2.3.4. Olefin Metathesis  2.3.5. Gold and silver catalysis  2.4. Natural products chemistry  2.4.1. Alkaloids and terpenoids  2.4.2. Steroids and Flavonoids  2.4.3. Total synthesis of natural products  2.4.4. Biosynthesis of natural products  2.5. Supramolecular Chemistry  2.5.1. Host-Guest Chemistry  2.5.2. Self-assembly and molecular recognition  2.5.3. Supramolecular Catalysis  2.5.4. Molecular Machines
  3. Physical Chemistry  3.1. Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.1.2. Chemical Potential and Equilibrium  3.1.3. Statistical thermodynamics  3.1.4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics  3.2. Quantum Chemistry  3.2.1. Schrödinger equation and its applications  3.2.2. Molecular orbital theory  3.2.3. Density functional theory  3.2.4. Post-Hartree–Fock methods  3.3. Chemical kinetics  3.3.1. Reaction rate theory  3.3.2. Mechanism and rate laws  3.3.3. Catalysis and enzyme kinetics  3.3.4. Reaction dynamics  3.4. Spectroscopy and molecular structure  3.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  3.4.2. UV-visible spectroscopy  3.4.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  3.4.4. Mass Spectrometry  3.4.5. Raman Spectroscopy  3.5. Surface and Colloid Chemistry  3.5.1. Absorption and Catalysis  3.5.2. Surfactants and micelles  3.5.3. Colloidal Stability  3.5.4. Nanomaterials and Interfaces
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.1.4. Ion Chromatography  4.2. Electroanalytical techniques  4.2.1. Voltammetry and Polarography  4.2.2. Conductometry and potentiometry  4.2.3. Colometry  4.3. Spectroscopic Methods  4.3.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.3.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy  4.3.3. X-ray diffraction  4.3.4. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  4.4. Chemometrics  4.4.1. Data processing and statistical methods  4.4.2. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.4.3. Machine Learning in Analytical Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.2. Quantum chemistry methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.4. Machine Learning in Chemistry  5.5. Ab initio molecular dynamics
  6. Biophysics and Medicinal Chemistry  6.1. Drug discovery and design  6.2. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition  6.3. Chemical biology approach  6.4. Protein-ligand interactions  6.5. Bioorthogonal chemistry
  7. Materials chemistry  7.1. Polymer chemistry  7.1.1. Polymerization mechanism  7.1.2. Functional Polymers  7.1.3. Biodegradable Polymer  7.1.4. Conducting and semiconducting polymers  7.2. Nano Chemistry  7.2.1. Nanoparticles and nanostructures  7.2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials  7.2.3. Quantum dots  7.3. Energy and Environmental Chemistry  7.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Chemistry  7.3.2. Green chemistry and sustainable materials  7.3.3. Photocatalysis

PHD → Materials chemistry ↓


Energy and Environmental Chemistry


Energy and environmental chemistry are intertwined to address some of the most critical issues in the world today. As society becomes more focused on sustainability, the intersection of these two fields is becoming increasingly important to develop advanced materials and technologies to meet future energy demands while protecting our environment. This subject encompasses the study of chemical processes, compounds, and materials that can produce, store, or use energy in environmentally friendly ways.

Introduction to energy chemistry

Energy chemistry involves the study of chemicals and processes that are used to produce, convert, and store energy. This may include the study of fuels, batteries, supercapacitors, and other materials. Its goal is to find efficient ways to harness energy from a variety of sources and convert it into useful forms. The world's energy consumption is constantly increasing, so new materials and processes are being researched and developed to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and minimize harm to the environment.

Key concepts in energy chemistry

  • Thermodynamics: Understanding energy changes during chemical reactions.
  • Electrochemistry: Chemical processes that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
  • Catalysis: Using substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without consuming them.

Introduction to environmental chemistry

Environmental chemistry focuses on chemical phenomena that occur in the environment. This includes studying pollutants, chemical reactions in air, soil, and water, and ways to reduce or clean them up. Environmental chemistry is essential in assessing the impact of human activities on Earth and developing new strategies to protect our planet.

Key concepts in environmental chemistry

  • Pollutants: Harmful substances released into the environment.
  • Biogeochemical cycles: The movement of chemicals within and between ecosystems.
  • Green chemistry: Designing chemicals and processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances.

Materials chemistry in energy and environment

Materials chemistry is at the heart of the development of new technologies for energy and environmental applications. It involves designing and synthesizing materials that can perform specific functions, such as converting sunlight into electricity or storing energy efficiently.

Photovoltaic materials

Photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. The efficiency of these cells depends on the materials used. Researchers are exploring new materials to increase efficiency and reduce production costs.

The diagram above shows the basic structure of a photovoltaic cell. The material is designed to absorb sunlight and convert it into electrical energy efficiently.

Battery technologies

Batteries store energy for later use. Advances in materials chemistry are leading to batteries that are more efficient, longer-lasting, and more environmentally friendly.

        { "Chemical Reaction" : { "Formation" : "Discharge", "Energy" : "Power out" } }

Batteries operate through chemical reactions that store and release energy. Innovations in materials such as lithium-ion technology have boosted the efficiency and application of batteries.

Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are another energy storage technology that stores energy through electrostatic charges rather than chemical reactions. Materials research is focused on increasing their energy density for wider applications.

The illustration above shows a cross-section of a supercapacitor. Efficient design and choice of materials dramatically impact energy storage capabilities.

The impact of sustainable material development

The continued development of sustainable materials has a significant impact on reducing environmental pollution and addressing energy security. Using materials that can be easily recycled or that break down into non-harmful components reduces the ecological footprint of energy production.

Biodegradable materials

These materials decompose naturally through the action of living organisms. Their use in energy applications ensures minimal environmental impact once these materials reach the end of their life cycle.

        {"Degradation" : "Natural/Organisms", "Impact" : "Low"}

Biodegradable materials play a vital role in reducing the amount of waste and pollution generated from conventional energy sources.

Recycling technologies

The development of efficient recycling methods for energy materials ensures that valuable resources are reused, thereby reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the environmental impact caused by mining and processing.

repeat yourself

The recycling triangle emphasizes the importance of reusing materials to maintain a sustainable cycle of resource use.

Challenges and future perspectives

Although significant progress is being made in energy and environmental chemistry, challenges remain. Achieving cost-effective production, meeting high energy demands, and overcoming technological limitations require continued research and collaboration.

Nanotechnology and energy

Nanotechnology presents opportunities to revolutionize energy systems by providing novel materials with advanced properties. Focus areas include catalysts, photovoltaic cells, and advanced battery components.

The illustration above symbolizes the integration of nanotechnology into energy materials, demonstrating advanced interactions and performance at the atomic level.

Greenhouse gas reduction

An important focus of environmental chemistry is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the development of new materials that capture and convert carbon dioxide, or reduce emissions from energy production.

        {"CO2 Capture" : true, "Emission Reduction" : "High Priority" }

Success in managing and reducing greenhouse gases has a huge impact on global climate change efforts, dependence on fossil fuels, and overall environmental health.

In conclusion, energy and environmental chemistry are important areas of study and innovation, playing a central role in our transition towards sustainable energy systems. Through the development of advanced materials and sustainable processes, these fields offer the potential for a cleaner, more efficient future.


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Energy and Environmental Chemistry

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