Grade 11
  1. Basic concepts of chemistry  1.1. Importance of Chemistry  1.2. Nature and scope of chemistry  1.3. laws of chemical combination  1.3.1. Law of conservation of mass  1.3.2. Law of definite proportions  1.3.3. Law of multiple proportions  1.3.4. Law of gaseous volume  1.3.5. Avogadro's Law  1.4. Dalton's atomic theory  1.5. Mole concept and molar mass  1.6. Percent composition  1.7. Empirical and molecular formula  1.8. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations  1.9. Limiting reagent concept
  2. Structure of the atom  2.1. Discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron  2.2. Atomic Model  2.2.1. Thomson's model  2.2.2. Rutherford's model  2.2.3. Bohr's model  2.3. Quantum mechanical model of the atom  2.4. Dual nature of matter and radiation  2.5. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle  2.6. Quantum numbers  2.7. Atomic orbitals and their shapes  2.8. Electronic configuration of elements  2.9. Aufbau principle  2.10. Pauli's exclusion principle  2.11. Hund's maximum multiplicity rule  2.12. de Broglie's hypothesis  2.13. Photoelectric effect
  3. Classification of elements and periodicity in properties  3.1. Historical development of the periodic table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Table  3.3. Periodic trends in properties  3.3.1. Atomic and Ionic Radius  3.3.2. Ionization enthalpy  3.3.3. Electron gain enthalpy  3.3.4. Electronegativity  3.3.5. Valency  3.3.6. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  3.3.7. Oxidation states  3.4. Unusual Properties of the First Elements
  4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  4.1. Kossel–Lewis approach to chemical bonding  4.2. Ionic or electrovalent bond  4.3. Covalent bond and its features  4.4. Bond parameters  4.5. VSEPR Theory  4.6. Valence bond theory  4.7. Hybridization and its types  4.8. Molecular orbital theory  4.8.1. Bond order and stability  4.9. Hydrogen bonding
  5. States of matter  5.1. Intermolecular forces  5.2. Gas Laws  5.2.1. Boyle's law  5.2.2. Charles's Law  5.2.3. Avogadro's Law  5.2.4. Dalton's law of partial pressure  5.2.5. Graham's law of spread  5.3. Ideal Gas Equation and Applications  5.4. Real gases and deviations from ideal behaviour  5.5. Kinetic molecular theory of gases  5.6. Liquefaction of gases  5.7. Properties of Liquids  5.8. Surface tension and viscosity
  6. Thermodynamics  6.1. System and environment  6.2. Types of systems in thermodynamics  6.3. Types of procedures  6.4. First law of thermodynamics  6.5. Internal energy and enthalpy  6.6. Heat capacity and specific heat  6.7. Hess's law of constant heat summation  6.8. Bond dissociation enthalpy  6.9. Enthalpy of formation and combustion  6.10. Enthalpy of solution and neutralization  6.11. Spontaneity and the second law of thermodynamics  6.12. Gibbs free energy and its applications
  7. Balance  7.1. The concept of balance  7.2. Equilibrium constant and its applications  7.3. Le Chatelier's principle  7.4. Ionic equilibrium in solutions  7.5. Acid and Base Theory  7.5.1. Arrhenius concept  7.5.2. Bronsted-Lowry concept  7.5.3. Lewis concept  7.6. pH Scale and pOH  7.7. Common ion effect  7.8. Hydrolysis of salts  7.9. Buffer solutions and their mechanism of action  7.10. Solubility equilibrium of sparingly soluble salts
  8. Redox reactions  8.1. Oxidation and reduction concepts  8.2. Oxidation number and its applications  8.3. Redox reactions in terms of electron transfer  8.4. Balancing redox reactions (oxidation number and ion-electron methods)  8.5. Types of redox reactions  8.6. Electrochemical Cells and Redox Reactions
  9. Hydrogen  9.1. Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table  9.2. Isotopes of hydrogen  9.3. Preparation of Hydrogen  9.4. Properties of Hydrogen  9.5. Hydrides and their classification  9.6. Water and heavy water  9.7. Hydrogen peroxide and its properties  9.8. Uses of Hydrogen and Its Compounds
  10. S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals)  10.1. Group 1 Elements - Properties and Trends  10.2. Group 2 Elements - Properties and Trends  10.3. Unusual properties of lithium and beryllium  10.4. Important compounds of sodium and their uses  10.5. Important Compounds of Magnesium and Calcium
  11. Some p-block elements  11.1. General Introduction to p-Block Elements  11.2. Group 13 Elements  11.2.1. Boron and its compounds  11.3. Group 14 Elements  11.3.1. Carbon and its allotropes  11.3.2. Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
  12. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques  12.1. Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds  12.2. Structural representation of organic compounds  12.3. Classification of organic reactions  12.4. Electronic Effects in Organic Chemistry  12.4.1. Inductive effect  12.4.2. Resonance effect  12.4.3. Hyperconjugation  12.5. Reaction mechanism and intermediate species  12.6. Purification and qualitative analysis of organic compounds
  13. Hydrocarbons  13.1. Hydrocarbons  13.1.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkenes  13.2. alkene  13.2.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkenes  13.2.2. Electrophilic addition reactions  13.3. Alkynes  13.3.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkynes  13.4. Aromatic hydrocarbons  13.4.1. Structure and properties of benzene  13.4.2. Electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene
  14. Environmental Chemistry  14.1. Environmental Pollution  14.2. Atmospheric pollution and the greenhouse effect  14.3. Water pollution and treatment methods  14.4. Soil pollution and its effects  14.5. Industrial waste and its treatment  14.6. Strategies for pollution control

Grade 11 → Environmental Chemistry ↓


Industrial waste and its treatment


Industrial waste is a serious environmental issue. It refers to all waste produced by manufacturing processes in factories, industrial plants and mills. This waste may be liquid, solid or gaseous and can harm the environment if not managed properly.

Types of industrial waste

Industrial waste is mainly of two types, classified based on their physical state: solid waste and liquid waste. The second classification is based on their impact: hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

Solid waste

Solid industrial waste includes items such as packaging materials, metals, paper, plastics and other manufactured parts. These are often non-biodegradable and can take up a lot of space in landfills.

Liquid waste

Liquid waste includes chemicals, water used in manufacturing processes, and other substances in liquid form. This type of waste is more challenging to manage because it has the potential to contaminate water supplies.

Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste is waste that may pose a threat to public health or the environment. It often contains chemicals, metals, pathogens or is highly flammable or toxic.

Non-hazardous waste

Non-hazardous waste does not pose an immediate threat to health or the environment. It includes most solid waste that does not contain toxic elements.

Impact of industrial waste

Industrial waste affects the environment in several harmful ways:

Water pollution

Many industries discharge waste directly into water bodies. Chemicals, dyes and other pollutants can contaminate rivers and oceans, harming aquatic life.

Air pollution

Gaseous waste can contribute to air pollution if not properly filtered. Industries can release carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants into the atmosphere.

Soil pollution

Solid waste dumped on land can degrade soil quality. Chemicals can leach into the ground, affect plant growth, and enter the food chain.

Effects on human health

Long-term exposure to industrial pollution can cause serious health problems such as respiratory problems, skin problems, and cancer.

Principles of wastewater treatment

Various treatment processes are used to reduce the impact of industrial waste. The main principles include:

Reduction

The most effective way to manage industrial waste is to reduce the amount of waste produced at the source. This can be achieved by using efficient manufacturing processes and better quality materials.

Reuse and recycling

Industries can adopt recycling and reuse strategies for materials. For example, metal scrap can be melted and reshaped for further use, reducing the need for new raw materials.

Treatment technologies

Various technologies can be used to change the physical or chemical properties of waste to make it safe for the environment.

Industrial wastewater treatment methods

Physical treatment

This includes processes such as filtration, sedimentation and flotation.

  • Filtration: This process removes solid particles from liquid waste using filters.
  • Sedimentation: Heavier particles are allowed to settle to the bottom, causing the solids to separate from the liquid.
  • Flotation: Air bubbles are introduced into the waste to make lighter particles float, where they are removed.

Chemical treatment

This involves using chemicals to neutralise or transform waste.

  • Neutralization: Acids and bases are neutralized to form water and salts. For example, treating acid waste with NaOH forms water and salts: 
    HCl + NaOH → H₂O + NaCl
  • Precipitation: Soluble metals are converted into insoluble solids using precipitating agents.
  • Oxidation: Converts hazardous substances into less harmful substances using oxidizing agents.

Biological treatment

In this, microorganisms are used to decompose the waste.

  • Aerobic treatment: This uses bacteria that require oxygen to break down organic pollutants.
  • Anaerobic treatment: It uses bacteria that do not require oxygen, useful for sludge and wastewater.

Visual example

The impact and treatment of industrial waste can be better understood through simplified visual tools.

Simplified diagram of an industrial wastewater treatment plant

Physical Treatment Chemical Treatment Organic Treatment

In this diagram, the various parts of a treatment plant show the sequence and type of treatment applied to industrial wastewater.

Conclusion

Managing industrial waste is vital to maintaining environmental integrity and public health. Through a combination of reduction strategies, innovative technologies, and effective treatment methods, industries can substantially reduce their environmental footprint. As industries continue to evolve, treatment technologies will also need to adapt, leading to a more sustainable future.


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Industrial waste and its treatment

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