Grade 11
  1. Basic concepts of chemistry  1.1. Importance of Chemistry  1.2. Nature and scope of chemistry  1.3. laws of chemical combination  1.3.1. Law of conservation of mass  1.3.2. Law of definite proportions  1.3.3. Law of multiple proportions  1.3.4. Law of gaseous volume  1.3.5. Avogadro's Law  1.4. Dalton's atomic theory  1.5. Mole concept and molar mass  1.6. Percent composition  1.7. Empirical and molecular formula  1.8. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations  1.9. Limiting reagent concept
  2. Structure of the atom  2.1. Discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron  2.2. Atomic Model  2.2.1. Thomson's model  2.2.2. Rutherford's model  2.2.3. Bohr's model  2.3. Quantum mechanical model of the atom  2.4. Dual nature of matter and radiation  2.5. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle  2.6. Quantum numbers  2.7. Atomic orbitals and their shapes  2.8. Electronic configuration of elements  2.9. Aufbau principle  2.10. Pauli's exclusion principle  2.11. Hund's maximum multiplicity rule  2.12. de Broglie's hypothesis  2.13. Photoelectric effect
  3. Classification of elements and periodicity in properties  3.1. Historical development of the periodic table  3.2. Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Table  3.3. Periodic trends in properties  3.3.1. Atomic and Ionic Radius  3.3.2. Ionization enthalpy  3.3.3. Electron gain enthalpy  3.3.4. Electronegativity  3.3.5. Valency  3.3.6. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  3.3.7. Oxidation states  3.4. Unusual Properties of the First Elements
  4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  4.1. Kossel–Lewis approach to chemical bonding  4.2. Ionic or electrovalent bond  4.3. Covalent bond and its features  4.4. Bond parameters  4.5. VSEPR Theory  4.6. Valence bond theory  4.7. Hybridization and its types  4.8. Molecular orbital theory  4.8.1. Bond order and stability  4.9. Hydrogen bonding
  5. States of matter  5.1. Intermolecular forces  5.2. Gas Laws  5.2.1. Boyle's law  5.2.2. Charles's Law  5.2.3. Avogadro's Law  5.2.4. Dalton's law of partial pressure  5.2.5. Graham's law of spread  5.3. Ideal Gas Equation and Applications  5.4. Real gases and deviations from ideal behaviour  5.5. Kinetic molecular theory of gases  5.6. Liquefaction of gases  5.7. Properties of Liquids  5.8. Surface tension and viscosity
  6. Thermodynamics  6.1. System and environment  6.2. Types of systems in thermodynamics  6.3. Types of procedures  6.4. First law of thermodynamics  6.5. Internal energy and enthalpy  6.6. Heat capacity and specific heat  6.7. Hess's law of constant heat summation  6.8. Bond dissociation enthalpy  6.9. Enthalpy of formation and combustion  6.10. Enthalpy of solution and neutralization  6.11. Spontaneity and the second law of thermodynamics  6.12. Gibbs free energy and its applications
  7. Balance  7.1. The concept of balance  7.2. Equilibrium constant and its applications  7.3. Le Chatelier's principle  7.4. Ionic equilibrium in solutions  7.5. Acid and Base Theory  7.5.1. Arrhenius concept  7.5.2. Bronsted-Lowry concept  7.5.3. Lewis concept  7.6. pH Scale and pOH  7.7. Common ion effect  7.8. Hydrolysis of salts  7.9. Buffer solutions and their mechanism of action  7.10. Solubility equilibrium of sparingly soluble salts
  8. Redox reactions  8.1. Oxidation and reduction concepts  8.2. Oxidation number and its applications  8.3. Redox reactions in terms of electron transfer  8.4. Balancing redox reactions (oxidation number and ion-electron methods)  8.5. Types of redox reactions  8.6. Electrochemical Cells and Redox Reactions
  9. Hydrogen  9.1. Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table  9.2. Isotopes of hydrogen  9.3. Preparation of Hydrogen  9.4. Properties of Hydrogen  9.5. Hydrides and their classification  9.6. Water and heavy water  9.7. Hydrogen peroxide and its properties  9.8. Uses of Hydrogen and Its Compounds
  10. S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals)  10.1. Group 1 Elements - Properties and Trends  10.2. Group 2 Elements - Properties and Trends  10.3. Unusual properties of lithium and beryllium  10.4. Important compounds of sodium and their uses  10.5. Important Compounds of Magnesium and Calcium
  11. Some p-block elements  11.1. General Introduction to p-Block Elements  11.2. Group 13 Elements  11.2.1. Boron and its compounds  11.3. Group 14 Elements  11.3.1. Carbon and its allotropes  11.3.2. Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
  12. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques  12.1. Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds  12.2. Structural representation of organic compounds  12.3. Classification of organic reactions  12.4. Electronic Effects in Organic Chemistry  12.4.1. Inductive effect  12.4.2. Resonance effect  12.4.3. Hyperconjugation  12.5. Reaction mechanism and intermediate species  12.6. Purification and qualitative analysis of organic compounds
  13. Hydrocarbons  13.1. Hydrocarbons  13.1.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkenes  13.2. alkene  13.2.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkenes  13.2.2. Electrophilic addition reactions  13.3. Alkynes  13.3.1. Preparation and Properties of Alkynes  13.4. Aromatic hydrocarbons  13.4.1. Structure and properties of benzene  13.4.2. Electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene
  14. Environmental Chemistry  14.1. Environmental Pollution  14.2. Atmospheric pollution and the greenhouse effect  14.3. Water pollution and treatment methods  14.4. Soil pollution and its effects  14.5. Industrial waste and its treatment  14.6. Strategies for pollution control

Grade 11 → Environmental Chemistry ↓


Environmental Pollution


Environmental pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into the environment, causing adverse changes. These substances can be natural or man-made and can affect air, water, and land ecosystems in a variety of ways. Understanding environmental pollution is essential to create effective environmental policies and strategies to keep our planet healthy.

What is pollution?

Pollution can be defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes harmful effects or discomfort to the ecosystem and human health. These contaminants are known as pollutants. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.

Types of environmental pollution

There are many types of environmental pollution, which are mainly classified into air, water, soil and noise pollution. Let's take a look at each type.

Air pollution

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive amounts of substances, including gases, particles, and biological molecules, enter the Earth's atmosphere. Common air pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO x), particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Imagine air pollution as a cloud of particles enveloping the city. As these pollutants accumulate in the atmosphere, they can harm humans by leading to respiratory disorders, heart diseases, and other health problems.

Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, including rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater. Common pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and waste from urban areas. When these contaminants enter water bodies, they create unsafe environments for aquatic life and can affect human health if contaminated water is consumed.

Imagine pollutants as a film layer spread across the surface of water, affecting aquatic organisms and disturbing the delicate balance of the ecosystem.

Soil pollution

Soil pollution means contamination of soil with harmful chemicals. Common sources include industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, and improper waste disposal. These contaminants can degrade soil quality, affect plant growth, and enter the food chain through crops.

Imagine polluted soil, with scattered waste and chemicals mixed in finely, posing a threat to plant life and also to humans through food consumption.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution is an invisible intruder that is often overlooked but still harms the environment. It is caused by loud noises emitted by vehicles, industrial activities and urban areas, which can lead to health problems such as hearing loss, stress and sleep disorders.

Think of noise pollution as chaotic, radiating waves that affect your senses and disrupt natural habitats.

Causes of environmental pollution

Environmental pollution arises from a number of sources, including:

  • Industrial emissions: Factories and plants emit pollutants directly into the air and water.
  • Vehicle emissions: Cars and trucks release harmful gases.
  • Agricultural runoff: Pesticides and fertilizers contaminate waterways.
  • Waste disposal: Improper waste management can pollute soil and water.
  • Natural sources: Naturally occurring pollutants occur from volcanic eruptions and forest fires.

Effects of environmental pollution

The effects of pollution are wide-ranging and can have both immediate and long-term effects, including:

  • Health issues: Respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases and other health issues are common.
  • Environmental damage: Ecosystems are disrupted, leading to loss of biodiversity.
  • Climate change: Pollutants contribute to global warming and climate change.
  • Economic impacts: Pollution can reduce productivity and increase health care costs.

Prevention and control of pollution

Management and mitigation of pollution requires a combined effort at the individual, community and government levels:

  • Regulation: Governments can impose strict regulation on emissions and waste management.
  • Clean technologies: Invest in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.
  • Public awareness: Raise awareness about pollution control practices.
  • Afforestation: Planting trees that absorb CO2 and release oxygen.

By understanding the science behind environmental pollution, we can make informed decisions and work towards sustainable methods that can protect our planet for future generations.


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Environmental Pollution

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