Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Matter and its properties → States of matter ↓


Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates


When we talk about states of matter, we usually start with solids, liquids, and gases. These are the most common states of matter we encounter every day. However, there are other, more bizarre states of matter that are less talked about in everyday life, such as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). These states are fascinating because they occur under extreme conditions and have unique properties.

Understanding plasma

To understand plasma, it is important to remember the basic idea about gases. The molecules or atoms in a gas are spread out and move around freely. They have high energy compared to solids and liquids. Now, imagine that you continue to heat a gas to a very high temperature. The energy from this heat can be so high that it strips electrons from the atoms. This process of removing electrons is called ionization, which results in a soup of charged particles: positively charged ions and free electrons. This mixture of charged particles is what we call plasma.

Gas + high energy --> plasma (ions + free electrons)

Plasma is found naturally in stars, including our sun. Here's an example on Earth: neon signs. Lightning turns the neon gas inside the tubes into plasma, which emits light. Lightning is also a natural occurrence of plasma found in our environment.

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Properties of Plasma:

  • Conductivity: Since plasma is made up of charged particles, it can conduct electricity very well.
  • Response to magnetic fields: Charged particles in a plasma respond to magnetic fields, which complicates the behavior of plasma and is useful in technologies such as magnetic confinement fusion.
  • Glow: When particles recombine in the plasma, they emit light, which can cause the plasma to glow in different colors.

Understanding Bose-Einstein condensate

Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are another fascinating state of matter, but they form under conditions quite unlike plasma. While plasma requires very high temperatures, BECs form at extremely cold temperatures, close to absolute zero (-273.15°C or 0 Kelvin). At these low temperatures, a cluster of atoms cools to within a hair of absolute zero, bringing them to a standstill almost completely.

Very low temperature --> BEC(atom at lowest energy state)

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms combine into a single quantum state. In simple terms, they behave like a single 'super atom'. This strange new state of matter exhibits quantum effects on a macroscopic scale. It was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in the early 20th century.

Properties of Bose-Einstein Condensate:

  • Superfluidity: BECs can flow without viscosity, which means they can move smoothly without losing energy.
  • Quantum phenomena: BECs exhibit large-scale quantum behavior, such as wave-particle duality and interference patterns.
  • Innovative Research: BECs are primarily used in scientific research focused on quantum mechanics and help us understand the fundamental nature of particles.

Comparison of plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate

Let's look at plasma and BEC together to understand their differences and similarities. This comparison will help emphasize the diversity in the states of matter.

Speciality Plasma Bose–Einstein condensate
Temperature Very high temperature Extremely low temperatures
Composition Ionized gas (ions + free electrons) Atoms in a single quantum state
Conductivity Conducts electricity Does not conduct electricity
Visibility Can shine in different colors Not visible to naked eyes
Application Neon lights, stars, fusion research Quantum research, superfluid experiments

Conclusion

Plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates extend our understanding of matter far beyond the usual states of solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma occurs under extremely high-energy conditions, resulting in a luminous, conducting state of matter that is important in both natural and technological phenomena. On the other hand, Bose-Einstein condensates reveal the quantum nature of matter under the coldest fractional temperatures, serving as a gateway to exploring the mysteries of quantum physics. As our knowledge grows, we may discover even more states of matter, providing deeper insights into the fundamental workings of the universe.


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Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates

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