Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Introduction to Chemistry ↓


Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions


Introduction to laboratory safety

Safety in the lab is essential for all students and teachers. Chemistry labs can be fun and educational when safety rules and precautions are followed. Understanding the importance of these rules ensures a safe environment where experiments can be conducted successfully.

General safety guidelines

Wearing the right protective gear is a basic rule in any lab. Lab coats protect your clothing and skin from spills, goggles protect your eyes, and gloves protect your hands. Here's a simple rule: always wear goggles when handling chemicals.

Keeping the lab organized reduces the risk of accidents. Always keep equipment in place and dispose of waste properly. If liquids are spilled, clean them up immediately to prevent slips.

Know the location of safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and eyewash stations. In the event of an accident, knowing where and how to use these equipment can prevent injuries.

General laboratory equipment

Knowing your equipment helps you use it correctly. Below is a brief description and diagram of basic lab equipment:

Beaker Flask Test tube

Beaker: A simple container for stirring, mixing, and heating liquids.

Flask: It has a narrow neck, which is useful for stirring and storing liquids.

Test Tube: Used to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals.

Chemical safety

Working with chemicals requires extra caution. Always read the label before using a chemical. If you don't understand the label, ask your teacher. Here are some important things to remember:

        Chemical Name: Hydrochloric Acid
        Formula: HCl
        Safety Note: Corrosive, causes irritation

Always add acid to water, not the other way round. This practice prevents acid splashing. A mnemonic formula to remember this is: AA - Add Acid.

Dealing with a chemical spill

If something falls, do not touch it. Report it to the teacher immediately. Follow the instructions for cleaning up the spilled object.

Emergency procedures

Remain calm in an emergency. If clothing catches fire, stop, get down, and roll to extinguish the fire.

Always keep aisles clear to ensure easy and quick evacuation if necessary.

Behavioral guidelines

Listen carefully and heed instructions carefully. Distracted behavior leads to mistakes. Here's an example of what attentive listening looks like:

"Follow the procedure step-by-step. First, measure 20 ml of water into the beaker."

The consequences of ignoring safety rules

Ignoring safety can cause injury to you and others. For example, ignoring the rule of wearing goggles can result in injury from chemical splashes.

Handling equipment with care

Always handle glassware with care. Check the glass for chips or cracks before using it. Broken glass should be thrown into the designated container, not the general trash.

Accident report

If an accident occurs, report it immediately. Quick reporting ensures immediate action, which reduces the chances of further damage.

Waste disposal

Proper disposal of waste is very important. Know the procedure for disposing of chemicals and do not pour them down the sink unless instructed by your teacher.

For example, place the following label on your waste container:

        Waste bottle: used sodium hydroxide solution
        Settlement date: 2023-01-01

Fire safety

Learn about fire safety rules and the location of fire extinguishers. In case of a fire, exit immediately and notify the teacher or the fire department.

Use of a fire extinguisher

Remember the abbreviation PASS:

  • Pull the pin.
  • Aim at the base of the fire.
  • Squeeze the handle.
  • Sweep from one side to the other.

Electrical safety

Be careful with electrical appliances. Always make sure your hands and surfaces are dry before touching electrical appliances.

Handling electrical faults

If you notice a problem, such as a broken wire, tell the teacher immediately. Don't try to fix it yourself.

Conclusion

Chemistry labs can be safe and educational places when safety rules and precautions are carefully followed. It is your responsibility to be careful, follow instructions, and always keep safety as a priority. By understanding and practicing lab safety, we ensure a safe environment conducive to learning and exploration.


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