Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Introduction to Chemistry ↓


Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses


The science of chemistry involves performing experiments in the laboratory. To perform these experiments correctly, certain equipment is used. It is important to understand each instrument and its intended purpose to ensure safety and efficiency in the laboratory. Below is a detailed description of some common laboratory equipment and their uses.

1. Beaker

Beakers are one of the most common items in a chemistry lab. They are cylindrical containers with a flat bottom and an open top, which may or may not have a rim for pouring water.

Uses: Beakers are used for mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals. They are available in a variety of sizes, making them versatile tools for handling different volumes of liquid.

2. Test tube

Test tubes are small cylindrical tubes with a rounded bottom and an open top. They are made of glass or plastic.

Uses: Test tubes are used to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of liquid or solid chemicals. They are useful for observing chemical reactions on a small scale.

3. Bunsen burner

A Bunsen burner is a type of gas burner used in laboratories when heat is needed.

Uses: They are used to heat substances and are adjustable to provide different types of flame for different experimental needs.

4. Graduated cylinder

Graduated cylinders are long, narrow cylindrical containers used to measure the volume of liquids.

Uses: They offer higher accuracy and precision than beakers and are essential for measuring liquid volumes in chemical reactions.

5. Flask

Flasks are vessels that often have a neck that is narrower than their body, making them easier to mix and heat without spilling.

Uses: Common types of flasks include the Erlenmeyer flask and volumetric flasks, which are used for mixing, heating, and safely containing reactions.

6. Pipette

Pipettes are used to transfer small volumes of liquids, often providing precise measurements.

Uses: They are important in experiments where precision is needed in measuring small volumes of solution. Micropipettes serve similar purposes with volumes in microliters.

7. Burettes

Burettes are long, graduated tubes with a stopcock at the bottom, allowing controlled dispensing of liquids.

Uses: Burettes are essential for titrations, where a precise amount of a reagent is needed to react with a particular solution.

8. Funnel

Funnels are conical devices used to force liquids or fine substances into vessels with small holes.

Uses: They help prevent leakage and are often used with filter paper to separate solids from liquids in filtration operations.

9. Mortar and pestle

The mortar is a bowl-shaped vessel, and the pestle is a heavy, round tool used with the mortar.

Uses: This equipment is used to crush solids into fine powders, making them easier to process or dissolve in solvents.

10. Thermometer

Thermometers are instruments used to measure temperature.

Uses: Accurate temperature measurements are important in experiments to ensure that reactions occur under optimal conditions.

11. Laboratory scales and balances

Laboratory scales and balances are instruments used to measure mass.

Uses: Balances are important in preparing accurate quantities of substances needed for various experiments.

12. Safety glasses and lab coat

Safety goggles and lab coats are important protective equipment in laboratories.

Uses: These items protect your eyes and clothes from accidental spills of dangerous chemicals.

To perform experiments safely and effectively, it is important not only to be familiar with the names and functions of these common laboratory equipment, but also to understand their importance in scientific investigation. Remember that the correct use of laboratory equipment is integral to successful experimental results and safety in the laboratory.

Working in a chemistry lab can be exciting and educational when the rules and proper uses of these items are well understood, providing a foundation for exploring the fascinating world of chemistry.


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