Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Introduction to Organic Chemistry ↓


Importance of organic compounds in industry


In the world of industry, organic compounds play a vital role. These compounds are found everywhere - from the clothes we wear to the fuel that powers our cars. Understanding organic compounds is an essential part of chemistry and provides insight into a variety of applications and products we use in everyday life. In this lesson, we will explore and demonstrate with examples the incredible importance of these compounds in various industries.

What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds are chemical compounds that contain carbon. Carbon atoms can bond to each other in a variety of shapes such as chains and rings, forming millions of different organic compounds. While most organic compounds contain hydrogen, they can also contain other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and others. Below is a simplified structural formula of methane, the simplest organic compound:

H | H - C - H | H

The role of organic compounds in various industries

1. Pharmaceutical industry

Many drugs and medicines in the pharmaceutical industry are organic compounds. These include painkillers like acetaminophen, antibiotics like penicillin, and more. Organic compounds in medicine exert their effects by interacting with cells and enzymes in the body.

For example, the antibiotic penicillin has a structure that disrupts the formation of the bacterial cell wall, causing the bacteria to die. Below is a very simple illustration of the elements involved:

C16H18N2O5S (for Penicillin G)

2. Petrochemical industry

The petrochemical industry is heavily dependent on organic compounds. These compounds are refined from crude oil and used to make fuels, plastics, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers. For example, polyethylene is a widely used plastic that is derived from ethylene, an organic compound:

(C2H4)n (Polyethylene)
hhhh , H--C--C--C--C--H , hhhh

3. Food industry

Organic compounds are also important to the food industry. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins are all organic compounds that are important to human nutrition. For example, glucose is an essential carbohydrate as shown below:

C6H12O6 (Glucose)

Artificial flavors and preservatives used in food production are also organic compounds. For example, vanillin is used as artificial vanilla flavor:

C8H8O3 (Vanillin)

4. Textile industry

The textile industry uses a variety of organic compounds to make different types of fibers. Organic chemicals are involved in the manufacture of both natural fibers (such as cotton and wool) and synthetic fibers (such as polyester and nylon). Polyester is an example of:

[-OC-C6H4-COOCH2CH2O-]n (Polyester)

5. Agriculture

Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers are organic compounds that play an important role in agriculture by protecting and enhancing the growth of crops. An example of an agrochemical is the herbicide glyphosate:

C3H8NO5P (Glyphosate)

6. Cosmetics and personal care

Various organic compounds are used in the production of cosmetics and personal care products, including soaps, lotions, perfumes and shampoos. For example, organic esters are used in many fragrances, and organic surfactants are used in shampoos.

Building materials and organic compounds

The construction industry also benefits from organic compounds. Resins, paints, rubbers and adhesives contain organic ingredients. For example:

Resins

Resins are used to make coatings and adhesives. The compound phenol-formaldehyde is a thermosetting resin used in plywood and other materials:

(C6H6O)n
, , H

Paint

Alkyd resins from organic compounds are used in the production of paints, which provide a durable finish to surfaces. Alkyd paints contain fatty acids and polyols:

Everyday products

Many of the things we use every day are made possible because of the chemistry of organic compounds, including:

  • cleaning detergents and soaps
  • battery components, such as lithium organic compounds
  • inks and printing materials
  • Electronics, such as cell phones and computers, that use organic semiconductors

Environmental impact of organic compounds

While organic compounds are important in industries, they also have an impact on the environment. For example, plastic pollution arises from discarded organic materials that are not biodegradable. Industries are working on creating biodegradable alternatives to tackle this problem.

Biofuels are an example of a positive environmental application. Biofuels obtained from biomass are renewable sources of energy:

C8H18 (Octane, a component of biofuel)

Conclusion

Organic compounds are essential building blocks in industry. They are involved in processes and products in many sectors such as medicine, agriculture, textiles, petrochemicals, food and others. As industries continue to evolve, it will be important to understand and innovate applications of organic chemistry to meet future global needs and address environmental concerns.


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