Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Fuel and energy → Types of fuel ↓


Fossil fuels


Fossil fuels are natural substances formed from plants and animals buried beneath the Earth millions of years ago. They contain high concentrations of carbon and hydrogen and are used as a primary source of energy worldwide. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels are essential for various aspects of modern life, but also pose significant challenges in terms of environmental impact.

Creation of fossil fuels

The formation of fossil fuels began millions of years ago during periods known as the Carboniferous period and the Mesozoic era. Dead plants and animals settled on the sea floor or land, and over time, they became covered with layers of clay, rock, and sand. The heat and pressure from these layers caused the organic matter to turn into fossil fuels.

Coal

Coal is a black or brownish-black rock composed primarily of carbon. It is formed from the remains of vegetation deposited in swampy areas. Over time, heat and pressure turned the plant material into peat, which eventually became coal.

coal formation process

Example: Imagine a thick layer of ancient plants in a swamp. Since water covers the plants, they do not completely decay due to lack of oxygen. Over millions of years, these layers of plants turn into coal due to the weight of the sediment above them.

Oil

Oil or petroleum is a liquid formed from the remains of marine organisms such as plankton and algae. Like coal, these remains were buried and changed due to heat and pressure. Crude oil is extracted from underground reservoirs.

oil reserves

Example: Imagine a large ocean full of tiny organisms. When these organisms die, they settle on the ocean floor. Over millions of years, layers of sediment bury them. Heat and pressure cause them to turn into oil.

Natural gas

Natural gas is composed primarily of methane (CH 4), a simple hydrocarbon. It forms under similar conditions to oil or coal. Natural gas is often found in the same layers as oil and can be extracted along with it.

methane molecule

Example: Think of a gas cooking stove. The flames you see are fueled by natural gas piped into homes. This gas started from tiny marine organisms buried beneath layers of ocean sediment.

Uses of fossil fuels

Fossil fuels play a vital role in modern society in many ways. They power our vehicles, generate electricity and provide heat for homes and industries.

Energy production

Most of the electricity we use is produced in power plants that burn fossil fuels. These plants convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

Coal + Oxygen -> Heat + Carbon Dioxide

Example: When you turn on a light bulb, electricity flows through wires. Most of this electricity can be produced in a coal-fired power plant, where the chemical energy in coal becomes electricity.

Transportation

Fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel are essential for powering cars, trucks, airplanes, ships, and other vehicles. Gasoline is made from crude oil through a refining process.

Hydrocarbon Distillation -> Gasoline

Example: When you drive a car, the gasoline stored in the fuel tank burns in the engine, providing the energy needed to move the vehicle forward.

Manufacturing and industry

Fossil fuels are important in the production of a wide variety of products, including plastics, fertilizers, and chemicals.

Natural Gas -> Ammonia (for Fertilizers)

Example: Many everyday products, such as plastic bottles and grocery bags, are made from chemicals derived from oil and natural gas.

Environmental impact

Fossil fuels are vital to current energy needs, but they have significant drawbacks to the environment. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming and climate change.

Air pollution

The burning of fossil fuels releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x), which cause smog and acid rain.

Air Pollution

Example: In highly industrialized cities, you may see smog or smoke in the sky, which results from the extensive use of fossil fuels.

Climate change

Carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing changes in climate patterns.

Climate Patterns

Example: Due to increased carbon emissions from fossil fuels, changes in weather patterns, more powerful storms, and melting of ice sheets are being observed more frequently.

Depletion of resources

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. Once they are extracted and used, they cannot be replaced within human timeframes.

limited resources

Example: Imagine a bank account with a finite amount of money. Every time a fossil fuel is used, it is like withdrawing money from that account, with no future deposits possible.

Alternative energy sources

Due to the environmental impacts and limited nature of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources are being explored. Some of these include solar, wind, and hydropower.

Solar energy

Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into electricity. This process does not produce greenhouse gases and is sustainable.

Solar Panel

Example: Many homes use solar panels on their rooftops to generate electricity, reducing their dependence on fossil fuels.

Wind energy

Wind turbines use the kinetic energy from the wind to generate electricity. They are becoming an increasingly popular alternative energy source.

wind turbine

Example: Large wind farms generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide, which is a clean energy source.

Hydropower

Hydropower uses the movement of water, such as rivers or dams, to generate electricity. It is a renewable and environmentally friendly option.

hydroelectric dam

Example: Many areas rely on dams for electricity generated from water flow, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Conclusion

Fossil fuels are vital to our current lifestyles, providing energy and raw materials for countless applications. However, their environmental impact and finite nature highlight the urgent need for alternative energy solutions. By understanding the formation, use, impacts, and alternatives to fossil fuels, we can better understand their role and make informed decisions about energy consumption and conservation.


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Fossil fuels

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