Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Air and atmosphere ↓


Ways to reduce air pollution


Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air that can have harmful effects on humans, animals, and the environment. These substances can include gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), and nitrogen oxides (NO x), as well as particles such as dust, pollen, and smoke.

The causes of air pollution can be natural, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions, and man-made, such as the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions and smoke from vehicles. Reducing air pollution is essential for our health and the well-being of the environment.

Reducing industrial emissions

Industries are a significant contributor to air pollution. They release large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere. Some of the ways to reduce emissions from industries are as follows:

  • Use of clean technologies: Industries can adopt clean technologies that produce fewer emissions. For example, using electrostatic precipitators can help trap dust and ash before it even gets into the air.
  • Use of clean fuel: Replacing coal or petroleum with clean alternatives such as natural gas or renewable energy sources can significantly reduce air pollution. The use of biofuels is another option.
    CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O
  • Improving efficiency: Increasing the efficiency of industrial processes can also help reduce emissions. This includes upgrading machinery and implementing better practices.

Control of vehicle emissions

Vehicles are a major source of air pollution, especially in urban areas. Following are the ways to reduce pollution caused by vehicles:

  • Catalytic converters: These devices are installed in cars to convert harmful gases into less dangerous substances. For example, they convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide.
    2CO + O 2 → 2CO 2
  • Encouraging public transport: Using public transport instead of private vehicles reduces the number of vehicles on the road, thereby reducing emissions.
  • Promote electric vehicles: Electric cars do not produce tailpipe emissions because they run on electricity rather than burning oil or petrol.
  • Carpooling: Sharing a ride with others reduces the number of vehicles on the road, which reduces emissions and reduces congestion.

Reducing pollution from household activities

Everyday activities at home can contribute to air pollution. Here are some ways to reduce this impact:

  • Use energy wisely: Turn off lights and electronic devices when not in use. Choose energy-efficient appliances that consume less power and reduce emissions from power plants.
  • Avoid open burning: Burning garbage or leaves releases pollutants into the air. This can be reduced by composting or using local garbage disposal facilities.
  • Choose eco-friendly products: Use household products that are labeled eco-friendly as they cause less pollution and are safer for the environment.

Reforestation and urban greening

Green spaces such as forests and gardens are important in reducing air pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.

  • Tree plantation: Planting more trees can significantly improve air quality as they act as natural air filters.
    6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
  • Urban parks: Creating parks in cities provides natural spaces that help clean the air and provide recreational areas for people.
  • Green roofs: Covering roofs with plants will not only provide cleaner air but will also reduce the energy needs of buildings, thus reducing emissions.

Legislation and policies

Governments play an important role in preventing air pollution by making laws and regulations:

  • Setting emissions standards: Governments can impose limits on the amount of pollutants emitted by industries and vehicles, ensuring that fewer pollutants are emitted into the air.
  • Environmental monitoring: Regularly measuring air quality helps identify sources of pollution and allows timely interventions to reduce pollution levels.
  • Incentives for green practices: Providing financial incentives to businesses and individuals who adopt environmentally friendly practices can promote cleaner air.

Promote awareness and education

Educating people about the importance of clean air and ways to reduce pollution promotes community participation:

  • Community programs: Organize local events and workshops to educate about the harmful effects of air pollution and encourage sustainable practices.
  • School curriculum: Integrating environmental education in schools helps students understand and adopt practices that contribute to reducing pollution.
  • Encouraging civic responsibility: Communities can work together to keep their neighborhoods clean and advocate for policies that improve air quality.

Conclusion

Air pollution is a serious issue that affects all living beings and the environment. By implementing these methods, we can work towards a cleaner, healthier environment. From individual actions to government policies, every effort counts in reducing the pollution of our air. Promoting sustainable practices and technologies, raising awareness, and involving communities are essential to ensure that everyone has access to clean air.


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