Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Scientific Method in Chemistry  1.5. Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions  1.6. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses  1.7. Units of measurement in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Classification of matter  2.3. Properties of matter  2.3.1. Physical properties  2.3.2. Chemical properties  2.4. States of matter  2.4.1. Solid state  2.4.2. Fluid state  2.4.3. Gaseous state  2.4.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensates  2.5. Changes in the states of matter  2.5.1. Melting and freezing  2.5.2. Evaporation and Condensation  2.5.3. Sublimation and deposition  2.6. Density and its applications  2.7. Diffusion and its importance
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition of the element  3.2. Classification of elements  3.3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.4. Noble gases and their properties  3.5. Introduction to the Periodic Table  3.6. Definition of Compound  3.7. Properties of Compounds  3.8. Introduction to Chemical Formulas  3.9. Definition of Mixture  3.10. Types of mixtures  3.10.1. Homogeneous mixture  3.10.2. Heterogeneous mixtures  3.11. Difference Between Compounds and Mixtures  3.12. Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
  4. Separation of mixtures  4.1. Need for separation of mixtures  4.2. Separation methods  4.2.1. Filtration  4.2.2. Sedimentation and decantation  4.2.3. Evaporation  4.2.4. Crystallization  4.2.5. Distillation  4.2.6. Chromatography  4.2.7. Magnetic Separation  4.2.8. Centrifugation
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Introduction to Atoms  5.2. Structure of the atom  5.2.1. Nucleus and electron cloud  5.3. Subatomic particles  5.3.1. Proton  5.3.2. Neutron  5.3.3. Electrons  5.4. Atomic number and mass number  5.5. Isotopes and their uses  5.6. Ions and ion formation
  6. Periodic table  6.1. Introduction to the Periodic Table  6.2. Groups and periods  6.3. Trends in the Periodic Table  6.3.1. Atomic Size  6.3.2. Metallic and non-metallic character  6.3.3. Electronegativity  6.3.4. Reactivity of the elements  6.4. Alkali metals and their properties
  7. Chemical bond  7.1. Why do atoms form bonds?  7.2. Types of chemical bonds  7.2.1. Ionic bond  7.2.2. Covalent bond  7.2.3. Metal Bond  7.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  7.4. Intermolecular forces
  8. Chemical reactions  8.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  8.2. Signs of a chemical reaction  8.3. Types of Chemical Reactions  8.3.1. Combination Reactions  8.3.2. Decomposition reactions  8.3.3. Displacement reactions  8.3.4. Double displacement reactions  8.3.5. Combustion reactions  8.4. Law of conservation of mass  8.5. Balancing simple chemical equations
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition of Acid and Base  9.2. Properties of Acids  9.3. Properties of bases  9.4. pH Scale and Indicators  9.5. Neutralization reactions  9.6. Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life  9.7. Preparation and use of salts  9.8. Strong and weak acids and bases
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution  10.2. Components of the solution  10.2.1. Solvent  10.2.2. solute  10.3. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.4. Concentration of solutions  10.5. Saturated and unsaturated solutions  10.6. Colloids and suspensions  10.7. Solubility curve and its interpretation
  11. Air and atmosphere  11.1. Composition of air  11.2. Properties of gases in the air  11.3. Importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  11.4. Air pollution and its effects  11.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.6. Ways to reduce air pollution  11.7. Ozone layer and its importance
  12. Water and its importance  12.1. Properties of Water  12.2. Water as the universal solvent  12.3. Importance of water for life  12.4. Water pollution and its effects  12.5. Water Purification  12.5.1. Filtration  12.5.2. boil  12.5.3. Chlorination in water purification  12.5.4. reverse osmosis  12.6. Hard and soft water  12.7. Water cycle and its importance
  13. Fuel and energy  13.1. Types of fuel  13.1.1. Fossil fuels  13.1.2. Renewable energy sources  13.2. Combustion and energy release  13.3. Global warming and its effects  13.4. Alternative sources of energy  13.5. Ways to conserve energy
  14. Metals and Nonmetals  14.1. Physical and chemical properties of metals  14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Metals  14.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  14.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  14.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention  14.6. Alloys and their importance
  15. Plastics and polymers  15.1. Natural and synthetic polymers  15.2. Properties of plastics  15.3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Plastics  15.4. Environmental impact of plastic  15.5. Recycling and waste management in plastics and polymers  15.6. Daily Uses of Polymers
  16. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  16.1. Basic definitions of organic chemistry  16.2. Carbon Compounds in Daily Life  16.3. Hydrocarbons  16.4. Simple functional groups (alcohols and carboxylic acids)  16.5. Importance of organic compounds in industry

Grade 7 → Air and atmosphere ↓


Greenhouse effect and global warming


In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect and how it contributes to global warming. This topic is important because it affects our planet's climate and impacts life on Earth. It is very important for students and the general public to understand these concepts in order to make informed decisions about the environment.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the sun's energy reaches the Earth, some of this energy is reflected back into space, and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping our planet warm enough to support life.

Greenhouse Gas Effect:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2): Emitted from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
- Methane (CH4): Produced from animal digestion, decomposition of organic waste.
- Nitrous oxide (N2O): Emitted from agricultural activities and the use of some fertilizers.
- Water vapor: Naturally occurring, increases with temperature.

Visualizing the greenhouse effect

Earth Atmosphere

The diagram above shows the sun's energy reaching the Earth. Some of it is reflected back into space, while the rest is trapped by the atmosphere, warming the planet.

Why is the greenhouse effect important?

The greenhouse effect is essential for life on Earth. It makes the Earth warm enough to sustain diverse ecosystems and human life. Without it, the planet would be too cold for major life forms to survive. However, an excess of greenhouse gases causes more heat to be trapped, leading to global warming.

Enhanced greenhouse effect

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and deforestation increase the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increases the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat and raising the Earth's average temperature.

What is global warming?

Global warming means the rising temperature of the Earth's surface. It is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly due to human activities. The rise in temperature affects weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems around the world.

Consequences of global warming

Some of the important effects of global warming are given below:

  • Melting ice sheets: Warming temperatures are causing polar ice sheets and glaciers to melt, raising sea levels.
  • Extreme weather: Increasing heat leads to more intense weather events such as storms, droughts and heavy rainfall.
  • Ocean acidification: The ocean absorbs more CO2, making it more acidic, affecting marine life.
  • Loss of biodiversity: natural habitats alter or disappear, threatening species that cannot adapt or migrate.
Ice melting Rising sea levels

The above picture shows the melting ice and rising sea level due to global warming.

Solutions to global warming

Global efforts and local action are needed to tackle global warming. Here are some strategies to reduce its impact:

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

  • Renewable energy: Shifting from fossil fuels to solar, wind and other renewable energy sources.
  • Energy efficiency: Improving energy use in homes, transport and industry.
  • Reforestation: Planting trees to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
  • Carbon pricing: Taxing carbon emissions to encourage emissions reductions.

Optimization measures

  • Building sea walls and levees for protection against rising sea levels.
  • Developing drought-resistant crops to suit the changing climate.
  • Implementing efficient water management systems to deal with variable water supplies.

There are many steps we can take individually and collectively to fight global warming. Using less energy, supporting green policies, and spreading awareness are great first steps.

Conclusion

Understanding the greenhouse effect and global warming is vital to preserving our planet. While the greenhouse effect is a natural and necessary phenomenon to make Earth habitable, human-caused emissions are causing unprecedented warming that negatively impacts the global climate. It is imperative that both individuals and policymakers work towards solutions to reduce emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming, to ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.


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Greenhouse effect and global warming

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