Graduate
  1. Physical Chemistry  1.1. Thermodynamics  1.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  1.1.2. Enthalpy and heat capacity  1.1.3. Entropy and free energy  1.1.4. Phase Equilibrium  1.1.5. Statistical thermodynamics  1.1.6. Thermodynamic cycle  1.1.7. Fugacity and activity  1.2. Quantum Chemistry  1.2.1. Principles of quantum mechanics  1.2.2. Schrödinger Equation  1.2.3. Particle in a box  1.2.4. Operators and eigenvalues  1.2.5. Atomic orbitals  1.2.6. Molecular orbital theory  1.2.7. Perturbation theory  1.2.8. Valence bond theory  1.2.9. Hybridization and chemical bonding  1.3. Chemical kinetics  1.3.1. Rate laws and reaction mechanisms  1.3.2. Collision theory  1.3.3. Transition state theory  1.3.4. Enzyme Kinetics  1.3.5. Chain Reactions and Polymerization  1.3.6. Photochemical reactions  1.4. Statistical mechanics  1.4.1. Partitioning functions  1.4.2. Molecular distribution functions  1.4.3. Boltzmann Distribution  1.4.4. Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics  1.5. Spectroscopy  1.5.1. Rotational Spectroscopy  1.5.2. Vibrational Spectroscopy  1.5.3. Electronic Spectroscopy  1.5.4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy  1.5.5. Mass Spectrometry  1.5.6. Raman Spectroscopy  1.5.7. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy  1.6. Surface and colloidal chemistry  1.6.1. Absorption isotherm  1.6.2. Surface tension and wetting  1.6.3. Colloidal Stability  1.6.4. Catalysis  1.6.5. Emulsions and micelles  1.7. Electrochemistry  1.7.1. Nernst equation  1.7.2. Electrochemical cells  1.7.3. Conductivity and mobility  1.7.4. War  1.7.5. Fuel cells  1.7.6. Electrolysis
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Reaction mechanism  2.1.1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions  2.1.2. Electrophilic addition reactions  2.1.3. Elimination reactions  2.1.4. Rearrangement reactions  2.1.5. Radical reactions  2.1.6. Pericyclic reactions  2.2. Spectroscopy and structural determination  2.2.1. UV-Vis Spectroscopy  2.2.2. IR Spectroscopy  2.2.3. NMR Spectroscopy  2.2.4. Mass Spectrometry  2.2.5. X-ray crystallography  2.3. Stereoscopic  2.3.1. Chirality and optical activity  2.3.2. Structural analysis  2.3.3. Geometrical isomerism  2.3.4. Dynamic Stereochemistry  2.4. Organometallic Chemistry  2.4.1. Organolithium and organomagnesium reagents  2.4.2. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions  2.4.3. Transition Metal Complexes  2.4.4. Metal–carbon bond  2.5. Polymer chemistry  2.5.1. Polymerization mechanism  2.5.2. Polymer Characteristics  2.5.3. Biodegradable Polymer  2.5.4. Conducting polymer  2.5.5. Supramolecular polymers  2.6. Medicinal chemistry  2.6.1. Drug design and development  2.6.2. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics  2.6.3. Structure-activity relationships  2.6.4. Molecular docking and drug screening
  3. Inorganic chemistry  3.1. Coordination chemistry  3.1.1. Crystal field theory  3.1.2. Ligand field theory  3.1.3. Spectrochemical Series  3.1.4. Chelation and stability  3.2. Organometallic Chemistry  3.2.1. Metal Carbonyls  3.2.2. Catalysis by organometallic complexes  3.2.3. Metallocenes  3.3. Bio-inorganic chemistry  3.3.1. Metalloproteins and enzymes  3.3.2. The role of metals in biological systems  3.3.3. Metal ion transport and storage  3.4. Solid state chemistry  3.4.1. Crystal Structures  3.4.2. Band theory of solids  3.4.3. Superconductors  3.4.4. Defects in the crystal  3.5. Lanthanides and Actinides  3.5.1. Electronic configuration in lanthanides and actinides  3.5.2. Coordination chemistry of the lanthanides  3.5.3. Magnetic Properties of Lanthanides
  4. Analytical chemistry  4.1. Chromatography  4.1.1. Gas Chromatography  4.1.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography  4.1.3. Thin Layer Chromatography  4.2. Spectroscopic Techniques  4.2.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy  4.2.2. X-ray diffraction  4.2.3. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy  4.3. Electroanalytical methods  4.3.1. Potentiometry  4.3.2. Voltammetry  4.3.3. Colometry  4.4. Mass Spectrometry  4.4.1. Ionization Technique  4.4.2. Fragmentation Pattern  4.5. Chemometrics  4.5.1. Multidisciplinary analysis  4.5.2. Machine Learning in Chemistry
  5. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry  5.1. Molecular dynamics simulation  5.1.1. Force fields and energy minimization  5.1.2. Monte Carlo simulation in molecular dynamics simulations  5.2. Quantum chemical methods  5.2.1. Hartree–Fock theory  5.2.2. Density functional theory  5.2.3. Semi-empirical methods  5.3. Computational drug design  5.3.1. Molecular Docking  5.3.2. QSAR Modeling  5.3.3. Virtual Screening
  6. Biochemistry  6.1. Enzyme Kinetics  6.1.1. Michaelis-Menten kinetics  6.1.2. Inhibition mechanism  6.2. Metabolism and Bioenergetics  6.2.1. Glycolysis  6.2.2. Citric acid cycle  6.2.3. Electron transport chain  6.3. molecular Biology  6.3.1. DNA replication and repair  6.3.2. Protein synthesis  6.3.3. Gene Regulation  6.4. Structural Biochemistry  6.4.1. Protein Folding  6.4.2. Membrane Biophysics
  7. Environmental Chemistry  7.1. Atmospheric Chemistry  7.1.1. Greenhouse gases  7.1.2. Ozone depletion  7.1.3. Air pollutants and smoke  7.2. Water Chemistry  7.2.1. pH and water hardness  7.2.2. Wastewater treatment  7.2.3. Aquatic Chemistry  7.3. Soil Chemistry  7.3.1. Heavy metal contamination  7.3.2. Soil pH and Buffering  7.3.3. Nutrient cycling  7.4. Toxicology and Chemical Safety  7.4.1. Toxicokinetics  7.4.2. Risk Assessment in Toxicology and Chemical Safety in Environmental Chemistry  7.4.3. Effects of pollutants on the environment

Graduate → Inorganic chemistry ↓


Organometallic Chemistry


Organometallic chemistry is a fascinating branch of chemistry that bridges the gap between organic and inorganic chemistry. It defines the chemistry of compounds containing bonds between carbon and metal. This field of study is integral in a variety of industrial applications, including catalysis and synthetic chemistry.

History of organometallic chemistry

The history of organometallic chemistry begins with discoveries made in the 19th century. Many important developments have been achieved through the discovery of new compounds, spectra, reactivity patterns, and their applications in extraordinary industrial processes.

Basic concepts

Organometallic compounds are characterized by metal-to-carbon bonds, where carbon is part of an organic group. These compounds may contain metals present in the periodic table and their properties are determined by both the metal center and the organic ligands.

Transition metal

Transition metals are often involved in organometallic chemistry. They occupy the center of the periodic table, and common examples include iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt).

S-block and p-block elements

In addition to the transition metals, s-block elements such as lithium (Li) and p-block elements such as tin (Sn) also form important organometallic compounds.

Classification of organometallic compounds

Organometallic compounds can be classified according to the hapticity (η) of the organic group (ligand), which is a term used to describe how groups of atoms bind to a central atom in terms of electron donation.

Examples of hapticity

Consider ferrocene (η5-C5H5)2Fe, a classic organometallic compound where a ferrous ion is sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl ions. It exhibits η5 hapticity because each cyclopentadienyl ring donates 5 electrons to the metal center.

Bonding in organometallic compounds

Organometallic bonding models often involve molecular orbital theory and ligand field theory. These compounds can exhibit a greater variety of bonding situations than simple organic and inorganic compounds.

Example of bonding

    M–C, ml

When considering bonding, one must evaluate the nature of the metal-to-carbon bond, its strength, and its reactivity. M–C bond can exhibit different character depending on the metal and ligand involved.

Catalytic properties

Many organometallic compounds are used as catalysts in industrial processes due to their ability to efficiently facilitate chemical reactions. These may include the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, hydrogenation, and oxidation reactions.

Hydroformylation

A common catalytic process involving organometallic compounds is hydroformylation, where an alkene is converted to an aldehyde in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Rhodium or cobalt complexes are often used as catalysts in this process.

Applications in organic synthesis

Organometallic compounds are instrumental in organic synthesis for building complex molecules. They enable transformations that are both stereoselective and regioselective, which are important in pharmaceuticals and materials science.

Grignard reagent

Grignard reagents (RMgX) are classical examples where magnesium is bound to an alkyl or aryl group. They are widely used in forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic synthesis.

Examples of organometallic compounds

Ferrocene

A classical compound is ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2, which is an example of a sandwich compound. In ferrocene, the iron is sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl rings.

    
      
      
      
      
    
    
Figure 1: Simplified structure of ferrocene.

Zeise's salt

Zeise's salt K[PtCl3(C2H4)], is a compound where ethylene is coordinated to a platinum metal center. It was an early example of a pi-complex.

Stability and decomposition

The stability of organometallic compounds largely depends on the nature of the metal–carbon bond, the coordination environment, as well as external conditions such as temperature and pressure.

Thermal stability

Thermal stability is an important factor in determining the practicality of organometallic compounds in industrial applications. For example, compounds with strong M–C σ-bonds can tolerate high temperatures better than compounds with weak π-interactions.

Reaction mechanism

It is essential to understand the reaction mechanisms of organometallic compounds. These mechanisms involve various steps including oxidative addition, reductive elimination, migratory insertion, etc.

Oxidative addition and reductive elimination

Oxidative addition involves the addition of a molecule to the metal centre resulting in an increase in the oxidation state of the metal, while reductive elimination involves the removal of groups from the metal centre.

    M + R–X → M(R)(X)
    M(r)(x) → M + r–x

These steps are crucial to catalytic cycles, which convert reactants into products in an efficient manner.

Future directions in organometallic chemistry

The possibilities of organometallic chemistry are plentiful with advances in sustainable energy solutions such as fuel cells, molecular electronics, and environmentally friendly catalytic processes.

Green chemistry

Efforts to develop more environmentally friendly catalysts fall under the field of green chemistry. This includes reducing the use of toxic metals and increasing the recovery and recyclability of catalysts.

Organometallic chemistry, being a bridge between the inorganic and organic fields, remains an important area of study within undergraduate chemistry, facilitating innovations that benefit both scientific knowledge and industrial application.


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Organometallic Chemistry

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