Grade 9
  1. Matter and its nature  1.1. Introduction to matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. States of matter  1.3.1. Solid state  1.3.2. Fluid state  1.3.3. Gaseous state  1.3.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  1.4. Changes in the states of matter  1.4.1. Melting and freezing  1.4.2. Evaporation and Condensation  1.4.3. Sublimation and deposition  1.5. Classification of matter  1.6. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  1.7. Pure substances and impurities  1.8. Separation Techniques  1.8.1. Filtration  1.8.2. Distillation  1.8.3. Crystallization  1.8.4. Chromatography  1.8.5. Centrifugation  1.8.6. Sublimation  1.8.7. Decantation and sedimentation
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Discovery of atoms  2.2. Dalton's atomic theory  2.3. Structure of the atom  2.4. Subatomic particles  2.5. Atomic number and mass number  2.6. Isotopes and Isobars  2.7. Electronic configuration  2.8. Bohr's atomic model  2.9. Modern Atomic Model (Quantum Mechanical Model - Introduction)  2.10. Valency and chemical bonding
  3. C hemical reactions and equations  3.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  3.2. Chemical Equation Formulation  3.3. Balancing Chemical Equations  3.4. Types of Chemical Reactions  3.4.1. Combination Reactions  3.4.2. Decomposition reactions  3.4.3. Displacement reactions  3.4.4. Double displacement reactions  3.4.5. Redox reactions  3.4.6. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions  3.5. Effects of chemical reactions  3.6. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  3.7. Catalysts and their role in reactions
  4. Periodic table and periodicity  4.1. History of Periodic Classification  4.2. Mendeleev's periodic table  4.3. Modern Periodic Table  4.4. Periods and groups in the periodic table and periodicity  4.5. Trends in the Periodic Table  4.5.1. Atomic size  4.5.2. Ionization Energy  4.5.3. Electron affinity  4.5.4. Electronegativity  4.5.5. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  4.6. Noble gases and their properties
  5. Chemical bond  5.1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding  5.2. Types of chemical bonds  5.2.1. Ionic bond  5.2.2. Covalent bond  5.2.3. Metallic bond  5.2.4. Hydrogen bonding  5.2.5. Van der Waals force  5.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  5.4. Molecular Structure and Geometry (VSEPR Theory - Basics)
  6. Acids, Bases and Salts  6.1. Introduction to Acids and Bases  6.2. Properties of Acids  6.3. Properties of bases  6.4. pH scale and its importance  6.5. Indicators and their uses  6.6. Neutralization reactions  6.7. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak)  6.8. Preparation of salts  6.9. Uses of acids, bases and salts in daily life
  7. Metals and Nonmetals  7.1. Physical Properties of Metals  7.2. Physical Properties of Nonmetals  7.3. Chemical properties of metals  7.4. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals  7.5. Reactivity Series of Metals  7.6. Extraction of metals  7.7. Corrosion and its prevention  7.8. uses of metals and nonmetals
  8. Carbon and its compounds  8.1. Introduction to Carbon  8.2. Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene)  8.3. Hydrocarbons  8.3.1. Hydrocarbons  8.3.2. Alkene  8.3.3. Alkynes  8.4. Functional groups in organic chemistry  8.5. Isomerism in organic compounds  8.6. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids  8.7. Soaps and detergents  8.8. Polymers (Introduction to Natural and Synthetic Polymers)
  9. Solutions and Mixtures  9.1. Types of mixtures  9.2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures  9.3. Concentration of solutions  9.4. Solubility and factors affecting solubility  9.5. Suspensions and Colloids  9.6. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
  10. Air and atmosphere  10.1. Composition of air  10.2. Role of gases in the atmosphere  10.4. Acid rain and its effects  10.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.6. Ozone layer and its depletion  10.7. Air pollution control measures
  11. Water and its importance  11.1. Composition and properties of water  11.2. Hardness of water (temporary and permanent hardness)  11.3. Causes of water pollution  11.4. Effects of Water Pollution  11.5. Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
  12. Industrial Chemistry  12.1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry  12.2. Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)  12.3. Chemical processes in industry  12.4. Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life  12.5. Environmental impact of industrial chemical processes

Grade 9 → Metals and Nonmetals ↓


uses of metals and nonmetals


Metals and nonmetals are essential materials in our daily lives. Their various properties make them suitable for a wide range of applications, from construction to technological advancement. This lesson explores these fascinating materials and their many uses.

Introduction to metals

Metals are elements that are generally hard, lustrous, conductive and malleable. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are generally malleable, meaning they can be drawn into wires. Metals such as Fe (iron), Cu (copper), Al (aluminum) and Au (gold) have been used by humans for thousands of years.

Conductivity

Metals are excellent conductors of electricity and heat because of their free electrons. For example, copper (Cu) is used extensively in electrical wires because of its excellent conducting properties.

Consider a copper wire that conducts electricity. The red line above can represent the flow of electrons within the metal wire, allowing it to effectively transfer electric current.

Construction and structural use

Metals such as iron and aluminium are widely used in the construction industry. Iron, often in the form of steel (an alloy of iron and carbon), provides strength and durability to structures. Aluminium, which is lightweight yet strong, is used to make window frames and roofing.

The square above possibly represents a metal plate used in construction, showing how metals serve as an essential material in building strong structures.

Transportation

Metals are an integral part of the automotive and aerospace industries. Cars, trains and airplanes are primarily made of metals such as aluminum, steel and titanium. Their strength, ductility and protective properties make them ideal for this purpose.

Introduction to non-metals

Nonmetals are generally not good conductors and are more likely to be brittle in solid form. They can exist in all three states of matter at room temperature: gases such as oxygen (O 2), solids such as carbon (C), and liquids such as bromine (Br 2).

Essential for life

Non-metals such as oxygen and nitrogen are essential for life. Oxygen is necessary for respiration in most organisms, and nitrogen is an important component of amino acids and nucleic acids.

Oxygen Molecule

The above picture shows the oxygen molecule, which is important for the respiration process.

Industrial uses of non-metals

Non-metals are important in industries. For example, chlorine (Cl 2) is used in water purification, and sulfur (S) is used in the vulcanization of rubber and as a fungicide.

Non-metallic applications

Nonmetals are used in many applications, such as:

  • Fertilizers: Phosphorus and nitrogen are the major components of fertilizers.
  • Medicinal uses: Iodine is used as an antiseptic.
  • Fuel: Hydrogen (H2) is promising for clean fuel technologies.

Nonmetals in technology

Silicon (Si), although a metal, is often classified among the nonmetals in its applications. It is a key component of semiconductors used in electronics.

The above block may symbolize a silicon chip, which is vital in the operation of modern electronic devices.

Mixture

Alloys are combinations of metals or metals and nonmetals. Alloys are made to enhance the properties of pure metals, such as strength or corrosion resistance.

Examples of alloys

Some notable examples include:

  • Bronze: An alloy of copper and tin.
  • Steel: A mixture of iron and carbon.
  • Brass: It is a mixture of copper and zinc.

Advantages of alloy

Alloys are engineered to have better properties than pure metals, such as increased strength, greater resistance to corrosion, and improved ductility. They are used in construction, machinery, and electronics.

Conclusion

Metals and nonmetals, as well as their alloys, are indispensable to modern life. They are used in everything from building materials and wiring to life-sustaining compounds and technological advancements. Understanding their applications provides insight into the vast and complex world of chemistry and its important impact on our world.


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