Grade 9
  1. Matter and its nature  1.1. Introduction to matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. States of matter  1.3.1. Solid state  1.3.2. Fluid state  1.3.3. Gaseous state  1.3.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  1.4. Changes in the states of matter  1.4.1. Melting and freezing  1.4.2. Evaporation and Condensation  1.4.3. Sublimation and deposition  1.5. Classification of matter  1.6. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  1.7. Pure substances and impurities  1.8. Separation Techniques  1.8.1. Filtration  1.8.2. Distillation  1.8.3. Crystallization  1.8.4. Chromatography  1.8.5. Centrifugation  1.8.6. Sublimation  1.8.7. Decantation and sedimentation
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Discovery of atoms  2.2. Dalton's atomic theory  2.3. Structure of the atom  2.4. Subatomic particles  2.5. Atomic number and mass number  2.6. Isotopes and Isobars  2.7. Electronic configuration  2.8. Bohr's atomic model  2.9. Modern Atomic Model (Quantum Mechanical Model - Introduction)  2.10. Valency and chemical bonding
  3. C hemical reactions and equations  3.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  3.2. Chemical Equation Formulation  3.3. Balancing Chemical Equations  3.4. Types of Chemical Reactions  3.4.1. Combination Reactions  3.4.2. Decomposition reactions  3.4.3. Displacement reactions  3.4.4. Double displacement reactions  3.4.5. Redox reactions  3.4.6. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions  3.5. Effects of chemical reactions  3.6. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  3.7. Catalysts and their role in reactions
  4. Periodic table and periodicity  4.1. History of Periodic Classification  4.2. Mendeleev's periodic table  4.3. Modern Periodic Table  4.4. Periods and groups in the periodic table and periodicity  4.5. Trends in the Periodic Table  4.5.1. Atomic size  4.5.2. Ionization Energy  4.5.3. Electron affinity  4.5.4. Electronegativity  4.5.5. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  4.6. Noble gases and their properties
  5. Chemical bond  5.1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding  5.2. Types of chemical bonds  5.2.1. Ionic bond  5.2.2. Covalent bond  5.2.3. Metallic bond  5.2.4. Hydrogen bonding  5.2.5. Van der Waals force  5.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  5.4. Molecular Structure and Geometry (VSEPR Theory - Basics)
  6. Acids, Bases and Salts  6.1. Introduction to Acids and Bases  6.2. Properties of Acids  6.3. Properties of bases  6.4. pH scale and its importance  6.5. Indicators and their uses  6.6. Neutralization reactions  6.7. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak)  6.8. Preparation of salts  6.9. Uses of acids, bases and salts in daily life
  7. Metals and Nonmetals  7.1. Physical Properties of Metals  7.2. Physical Properties of Nonmetals  7.3. Chemical properties of metals  7.4. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals  7.5. Reactivity Series of Metals  7.6. Extraction of metals  7.7. Corrosion and its prevention  7.8. uses of metals and nonmetals
  8. Carbon and its compounds  8.1. Introduction to Carbon  8.2. Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene)  8.3. Hydrocarbons  8.3.1. Hydrocarbons  8.3.2. Alkene  8.3.3. Alkynes  8.4. Functional groups in organic chemistry  8.5. Isomerism in organic compounds  8.6. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids  8.7. Soaps and detergents  8.8. Polymers (Introduction to Natural and Synthetic Polymers)
  9. Solutions and Mixtures  9.1. Types of mixtures  9.2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures  9.3. Concentration of solutions  9.4. Solubility and factors affecting solubility  9.5. Suspensions and Colloids  9.6. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
  10. Air and atmosphere  10.1. Composition of air  10.2. Role of gases in the atmosphere  10.4. Acid rain and its effects  10.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.6. Ozone layer and its depletion  10.7. Air pollution control measures
  11. Water and its importance  11.1. Composition and properties of water  11.2. Hardness of water (temporary and permanent hardness)  11.3. Causes of water pollution  11.4. Effects of Water Pollution  11.5. Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
  12. Industrial Chemistry  12.1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry  12.2. Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)  12.3. Chemical processes in industry  12.4. Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life  12.5. Environmental impact of industrial chemical processes

Grade 9 ↓


Industrial Chemistry


Industrial chemistry is a field of chemistry that focuses on transforming raw materials into valuable products. It plays a vital role in economic development and quality of life by providing essential products used in our daily lives. This branch of chemistry deals with the design, optimization, and operation of large-scale chemical processes to produce a variety of products, such as pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, fuels, and polymers.

Role of industrial chemistry

Industrial chemistry spans a variety of industries, including polymers, materials, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The field involves both the chemistry and engineering principles needed to achieve large-scale production of chemicals efficiently and sustainably.

Examples of industrial chemicals

Industrial chemicals are produced in very large quantities and are often synthesized from raw materials found in nature. Some common examples include:

  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4): Used in fertilizer production, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.
  • Ammonia (NH3): Used as a building block of fertilizers, refrigeration, cleaning agents, and other chemicals.
  • Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Used in paper making, soap production, and various chemical manufacturing.

Chemical processes

Industrial chemistry uses a variety of chemical processes to convert raw materials into finished products. Let's explore some of the most common chemical processes:

1. Catalysis

Catalysts play an important role in increasing the rate of chemical reactions, without consuming energy. They allow chemical processes to occur at lower temperatures and pressures, saving energy and resources. Here is a simplified reaction illustrating the role of a catalyst:

reactants + catalyst → products + catalyst

In this process the catalyst is recovered and can be reused.

2. Distillation

Distillation is a widely used method to separate components based on differences in boiling points. It is commonly used in the petroleum industry to refine crude oil into useful products such as gasoline and diesel. Here's a visual example:

distillation column

3. Polymerization

Polymerization is the process in which small molecules called monomers join together to form long chains called polymers. This process is important in making plastics and synthetic fibres. For example:

n(CH2=CH2) → -(-CH2-CH2-)n-

In the equation above, ethylene is polymerized to form polyethylene, a common plastic.

Sustainability in industrial chemistry

Industrial chemistry is focusing more on sustainable practices to reduce environmental impact. Some methods include renewable energy sources, waste reduction, and recycling processes. Green chemistry principles are being applied to design safer chemical products and processes.

Green chemistry principles

The following principles are essential for sustainable industrial chemical processes:

  1. Prevention: Avoid generating waste rather than treating or cleaning it up later.
  2. Atomic economy: Designing processes to maximize the use of raw materials, and produce a minimum of by-products.
  3. Energy efficiency: Operate processes at ambient temperature and pressure to save energy.
  4. Use of renewable feedstocks: Give preference to raw materials obtained from renewable sources.

Waste management

Waste management is an important component of industrial chemistry to reduce environmental impact. Industries apply several techniques for waste management, such as recycling, treatment and reuse of materials. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste produced and reduce harmful emissions.

Ethics and safety

Industrial chemists are responsible for ensuring that chemicals are produced safely and ethically. This includes following regulations and guidelines that protect workers and the environment. Safety is prioritized in process design, and continuous monitoring is done to prevent accidents.

Final thoughts

Industrial chemistry plays a vital role in developing products that have become integral parts of modern life. However, it also faces challenges related to environmental sustainability and safety. The future of industrial chemistry lies in innovative practices that embrace green chemistry, reduce waste, and work ethically to meet human needs and protect our planet.


Grade 9 → 12


U
username
0%
completed in Grade 9

← Prev (11.5)
Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
Next (12.1) →
Introduction to Industrial Chemistry

Comments 



Industrial Chemistry

https://www.chemistryelite.com/g9/12?ceal=en