Grade 9
  1. Matter and its nature  1.1. Introduction to matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. States of matter  1.3.1. Solid state  1.3.2. Fluid state  1.3.3. Gaseous state  1.3.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  1.4. Changes in the states of matter  1.4.1. Melting and freezing  1.4.2. Evaporation and Condensation  1.4.3. Sublimation and deposition  1.5. Classification of matter  1.6. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  1.7. Pure substances and impurities  1.8. Separation Techniques  1.8.1. Filtration  1.8.2. Distillation  1.8.3. Crystallization  1.8.4. Chromatography  1.8.5. Centrifugation  1.8.6. Sublimation  1.8.7. Decantation and sedimentation
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Discovery of atoms  2.2. Dalton's atomic theory  2.3. Structure of the atom  2.4. Subatomic particles  2.5. Atomic number and mass number  2.6. Isotopes and Isobars  2.7. Electronic configuration  2.8. Bohr's atomic model  2.9. Modern Atomic Model (Quantum Mechanical Model - Introduction)  2.10. Valency and chemical bonding
  3. C hemical reactions and equations  3.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  3.2. Chemical Equation Formulation  3.3. Balancing Chemical Equations  3.4. Types of Chemical Reactions  3.4.1. Combination Reactions  3.4.2. Decomposition reactions  3.4.3. Displacement reactions  3.4.4. Double displacement reactions  3.4.5. Redox reactions  3.4.6. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions  3.5. Effects of chemical reactions  3.6. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  3.7. Catalysts and their role in reactions
  4. Periodic table and periodicity  4.1. History of Periodic Classification  4.2. Mendeleev's periodic table  4.3. Modern Periodic Table  4.4. Periods and groups in the periodic table and periodicity  4.5. Trends in the Periodic Table  4.5.1. Atomic size  4.5.2. Ionization Energy  4.5.3. Electron affinity  4.5.4. Electronegativity  4.5.5. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  4.6. Noble gases and their properties
  5. Chemical bond  5.1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding  5.2. Types of chemical bonds  5.2.1. Ionic bond  5.2.2. Covalent bond  5.2.3. Metallic bond  5.2.4. Hydrogen bonding  5.2.5. Van der Waals force  5.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  5.4. Molecular Structure and Geometry (VSEPR Theory - Basics)
  6. Acids, Bases and Salts  6.1. Introduction to Acids and Bases  6.2. Properties of Acids  6.3. Properties of bases  6.4. pH scale and its importance  6.5. Indicators and their uses  6.6. Neutralization reactions  6.7. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak)  6.8. Preparation of salts  6.9. Uses of acids, bases and salts in daily life
  7. Metals and Nonmetals  7.1. Physical Properties of Metals  7.2. Physical Properties of Nonmetals  7.3. Chemical properties of metals  7.4. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals  7.5. Reactivity Series of Metals  7.6. Extraction of metals  7.7. Corrosion and its prevention  7.8. uses of metals and nonmetals
  8. Carbon and its compounds  8.1. Introduction to Carbon  8.2. Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene)  8.3. Hydrocarbons  8.3.1. Hydrocarbons  8.3.2. Alkene  8.3.3. Alkynes  8.4. Functional groups in organic chemistry  8.5. Isomerism in organic compounds  8.6. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids  8.7. Soaps and detergents  8.8. Polymers (Introduction to Natural and Synthetic Polymers)
  9. Solutions and Mixtures  9.1. Types of mixtures  9.2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures  9.3. Concentration of solutions  9.4. Solubility and factors affecting solubility  9.5. Suspensions and Colloids  9.6. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
  10. Air and atmosphere  10.1. Composition of air  10.2. Role of gases in the atmosphere  10.4. Acid rain and its effects  10.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.6. Ozone layer and its depletion  10.7. Air pollution control measures
  11. Water and its importance  11.1. Composition and properties of water  11.2. Hardness of water (temporary and permanent hardness)  11.3. Causes of water pollution  11.4. Effects of Water Pollution  11.5. Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
  12. Industrial Chemistry  12.1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry  12.2. Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)  12.3. Chemical processes in industry  12.4. Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life  12.5. Environmental impact of industrial chemical processes

Grade 9 → Industrial Chemistry ↓


Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)


Introduction

Industrial chemistry is the application of chemical knowledge to create products - from raw materials to finished goods to manufacturing processes and equipment. The three most important chemicals in industrial chemistry are sulfuric acid, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide. These chemicals are used in huge quantities in a variety of industries due to their versatility and utility.

Sulfuric acid

Overview

Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used chemicals in industry. It is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is highly corrosive and capable of causing severe burns. Its primary uses include mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, and wastewater processing.

Production

The most common method of producing sulfuric acid is the contact process. Here are the main steps:

  1. Burning sulfur in the air produces sulfur dioxide (SO 2).
  2. Purification of sulfur dioxide in a purification unit.
  3. Oxidizing sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide (SO 3) using a vanadium pentoxide catalyst (V2O5) at high temperature.
  4. Formation of oleum (H2S2O7) by absorbing SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid.
  5. Dilute the oleum in water to obtain the desired concentration of sulfuric acid.

Application

Sulfuric acid plays a vital role in a variety of applications:

  • Fertilizer: It is used in the production of phosphoric acid, a precursor to phosphate fertilizers.
  • Oil refining: Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for alkylation, a refining process to increase the octane number of gasoline.
  • Metal processing: It is used to clean metals by removing oxidation prior to galvanizing or electroplating.
Step 1: Burning the Sulfur Step 2: Purification Step 3: Oxidation Step 4: Absorption Step 5: Dilution

Ammonia

Overview

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent, pungent odor. Its chemical formula is NH3. Ammonia is an essential compound in the production of nitrogen-based fertilizers, and it serves as a building block for the synthesis of many other chemical compounds.

Production

The major industrial process for producing ammonia is the Haber-Bosch process. Its main steps are as follows:

  1. Nitrogen is obtained from air (N 2), while hydrogen is usually obtained from natural gas or water.
  2. Nitrogen and hydrogen are compressed and heated.
  3. The gases are passed over an iron catalyst at high pressure and temperature to form ammonia:
    4. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Application

The main applications of ammonia include:

  • Fertilizer: It is a key component in the production of ammonium nitrate and urea, which are important for agricultural use.
  • Refrigeration: Due to its physical properties, ammonia is used as a refrigerant in large industrial refrigeration systems.
  • Cleaning: Household ammonia, a solution of ammonia in water, is a common cleaning agent for glass and other surfaces.
Nitrogen Hydrogen

Sodium hydroxide

Overview

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a strong alkali. Its formula is NaOH. This compound is an important component in many industrial processes, including the manufacture of paper, textiles, and soap.

Production

One of the most common methods for producing sodium hydroxide is the chloralkali process. It involves the following steps:

  1. The electrolysis of sodium chloride (salt) solution results in the production of chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide in solution.
  2. The chemical reactions involved are as follows:
    3. 2NaCl + 2H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH

Application

Uses of sodium hydroxide include the following:

  • Pulp and paper: Used in pulping and bleaching processes, waste paper ink removal, and water treatment.
  • Manufacture of soaps and detergents: It is involved in esterification and transesterification reactions for soap production.
  • Textiles: It is used in the textile industry for processing cotton fabrics, dyeing of synthetic fibers and as a pH regulator.
NaCl solution

Conclusion

Industrial Chemicals Sulfuric acid, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide are fundamental building blocks in modern industry. They are used in a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, food processing, and consumer products. An understanding of these chemicals, their production processes, and their applications is important for chemistry students as they move into more advanced study in industrial chemistry and related fields.


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Introduction to Industrial Chemistry
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Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)

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