Grade 9
  1. Matter and its nature  1.1. Introduction to matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. States of matter  1.3.1. Solid state  1.3.2. Fluid state  1.3.3. Gaseous state  1.3.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  1.4. Changes in the states of matter  1.4.1. Melting and freezing  1.4.2. Evaporation and Condensation  1.4.3. Sublimation and deposition  1.5. Classification of matter  1.6. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  1.7. Pure substances and impurities  1.8. Separation Techniques  1.8.1. Filtration  1.8.2. Distillation  1.8.3. Crystallization  1.8.4. Chromatography  1.8.5. Centrifugation  1.8.6. Sublimation  1.8.7. Decantation and sedimentation
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Discovery of atoms  2.2. Dalton's atomic theory  2.3. Structure of the atom  2.4. Subatomic particles  2.5. Atomic number and mass number  2.6. Isotopes and Isobars  2.7. Electronic configuration  2.8. Bohr's atomic model  2.9. Modern Atomic Model (Quantum Mechanical Model - Introduction)  2.10. Valency and chemical bonding
  3. C hemical reactions and equations  3.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  3.2. Chemical Equation Formulation  3.3. Balancing Chemical Equations  3.4. Types of Chemical Reactions  3.4.1. Combination Reactions  3.4.2. Decomposition reactions  3.4.3. Displacement reactions  3.4.4. Double displacement reactions  3.4.5. Redox reactions  3.4.6. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions  3.5. Effects of chemical reactions  3.6. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  3.7. Catalysts and their role in reactions
  4. Periodic table and periodicity  4.1. History of Periodic Classification  4.2. Mendeleev's periodic table  4.3. Modern Periodic Table  4.4. Periods and groups in the periodic table and periodicity  4.5. Trends in the Periodic Table  4.5.1. Atomic size  4.5.2. Ionization Energy  4.5.3. Electron affinity  4.5.4. Electronegativity  4.5.5. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  4.6. Noble gases and their properties
  5. Chemical bond  5.1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding  5.2. Types of chemical bonds  5.2.1. Ionic bond  5.2.2. Covalent bond  5.2.3. Metallic bond  5.2.4. Hydrogen bonding  5.2.5. Van der Waals force  5.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  5.4. Molecular Structure and Geometry (VSEPR Theory - Basics)
  6. Acids, Bases and Salts  6.1. Introduction to Acids and Bases  6.2. Properties of Acids  6.3. Properties of bases  6.4. pH scale and its importance  6.5. Indicators and their uses  6.6. Neutralization reactions  6.7. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak)  6.8. Preparation of salts  6.9. Uses of acids, bases and salts in daily life
  7. Metals and Nonmetals  7.1. Physical Properties of Metals  7.2. Physical Properties of Nonmetals  7.3. Chemical properties of metals  7.4. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals  7.5. Reactivity Series of Metals  7.6. Extraction of metals  7.7. Corrosion and its prevention  7.8. uses of metals and nonmetals
  8. Carbon and its compounds  8.1. Introduction to Carbon  8.2. Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene)  8.3. Hydrocarbons  8.3.1. Hydrocarbons  8.3.2. Alkene  8.3.3. Alkynes  8.4. Functional groups in organic chemistry  8.5. Isomerism in organic compounds  8.6. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids  8.7. Soaps and detergents  8.8. Polymers (Introduction to Natural and Synthetic Polymers)
  9. Solutions and Mixtures  9.1. Types of mixtures  9.2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures  9.3. Concentration of solutions  9.4. Solubility and factors affecting solubility  9.5. Suspensions and Colloids  9.6. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
  10. Air and atmosphere  10.1. Composition of air  10.2. Role of gases in the atmosphere  10.4. Acid rain and its effects  10.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.6. Ozone layer and its depletion  10.7. Air pollution control measures
  11. Water and its importance  11.1. Composition and properties of water  11.2. Hardness of water (temporary and permanent hardness)  11.3. Causes of water pollution  11.4. Effects of Water Pollution  11.5. Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
  12. Industrial Chemistry  12.1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry  12.2. Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)  12.3. Chemical processes in industry  12.4. Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life  12.5. Environmental impact of industrial chemical processes

Grade 9 → Industrial Chemistry ↓


Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life


Industrial chemistry plays a vital role in our everyday lives. It involves transforming raw materials into products that are useful and convenient for people around the world. Understanding how industrial chemistry affects our daily routines can help us understand the science behind the production of many household and personal items.

Role of industrial chemistry

Industrial chemistry is at the heart of manufacturing processes that produce a wide variety of products. It is present in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food production, clothing, and other sectors. This branch of chemistry integrates with many industries to ensure that chemical compounds and processes are used effectively and efficiently in the manufacture of consumer goods.

Textile industry

The textile industry relies heavily on industrial chemistry to produce fibers, colors, and finishes. Synthetic fibers such as polyester and nylon are produced through a series of chemical reactions. These fibers are more durable and often less expensive than natural fibers.

Consider the manufacturing of polyester, a common synthetic fiber:

Terephthalic acid ( C 8 H 6 O 4 ) + ethylene glycol ( C 2 H 6 O 2 ) → polyester + water (H 2 O )
Terephthalic acid Polyester

Food industry

In the food industry, industrial chemistry is essential for the development of preservatives, flavors, and nutritional supplements. Many food products undergo chemical processing to increase their shelf life and improve taste and nutrition.

A common preservative is ascorbic acid or vitamin C. It helps prevent food from oxidizing and spoiling, ensuring that nutrients are preserved for longer.

vitamin C

Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry uses industrial chemistry to create medicines to treat a variety of illnesses. From pain relievers to antibiotics, the role of chemistry in medicine is vital to developing safe and effective medicines.

Consider the synthesis of aspirin, a common over-the-counter pain reliever:

Salicylic acid ( C 7 H 6 O 3 ) + Acetic anhydride ( C 4 H 6 O 3 ) → Aspirin ( C 9 H 8 O 4 ) + Acetic acid ( C 2 H 4 O 2 )

Personal care products

Personal care products such as shampoos, soaps and lotions are all the results of industrial chemistry. The synthesis of surfactants, the cleaning agents in soaps and shampoos, is an important part of this industry.

For example, sodium lauryl sulfate is a commonly used surfactant in shampoos:

Lauryl alcohol ( C 12 H 26 O + sulfur trioxide ( SO 3 ) → sodium lauryl sulfate + water ( H 2 O )
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Agriculture

In agriculture, industrial chemicals provide fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides that help increase the yield and quality of crops. Chemical fertilizers are used to provide essential nutrients to plants and enhance their growth.

A common example of this is ammonium nitrate, which is used as a fertilizer:

Ammonia ( NH 3 ) + Nitric acid ( HNO 3 ) → Ammonium nitrate NH 4 NO 3

Household cleaning products

Many household cleaning products such as detergent and bleach are products of industrial chemistry. These cleaning agents contain chemicals that are designed to efficiently remove dirt, stains and bacteria.

For example, bleach often contains sodium hypochlorite:

Chlorine gas ( Cl 2 ) + Sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) → Sodium hypochlorite ( NaClO ) + Water ( H 2 O )

Environmental impact and safety

While the benefits of industrial chemistry are numerous, it is also important to consider its environmental impact and safety. The production and disposal of chemical products can have harmful effects if not properly managed. Therefore, industries are constantly innovating to create sustainable processes that reduce environmental impact. Regulation and responsible management ensure that industrial chemistry improves the quality of life without compromising environmental health.

Conclusion

Industrial chemistry is integral to the production of countless products we use every day. From the clothes we wear to the food we eat, the medicines we take and the amenities we enjoy, industrial chemistry enhances the quality of our lives. By understanding its application in various industries, we recognize the value and necessity of chemistry in the development of a modern and sustainable society.


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