Grade 9
  1. Matter and its nature  1.1. Introduction to matter  1.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  1.3. States of matter  1.3.1. Solid state  1.3.2. Fluid state  1.3.3. Gaseous state  1.3.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  1.4. Changes in the states of matter  1.4.1. Melting and freezing  1.4.2. Evaporation and Condensation  1.4.3. Sublimation and deposition  1.5. Classification of matter  1.6. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  1.7. Pure substances and impurities  1.8. Separation Techniques  1.8.1. Filtration  1.8.2. Distillation  1.8.3. Crystallization  1.8.4. Chromatography  1.8.5. Centrifugation  1.8.6. Sublimation  1.8.7. Decantation and sedimentation
  2. Atomic Structure  2.1. Discovery of atoms  2.2. Dalton's atomic theory  2.3. Structure of the atom  2.4. Subatomic particles  2.5. Atomic number and mass number  2.6. Isotopes and Isobars  2.7. Electronic configuration  2.8. Bohr's atomic model  2.9. Modern Atomic Model (Quantum Mechanical Model - Introduction)  2.10. Valency and chemical bonding
  3. C hemical reactions and equations  3.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  3.2. Chemical Equation Formulation  3.3. Balancing Chemical Equations  3.4. Types of Chemical Reactions  3.4.1. Combination Reactions  3.4.2. Decomposition reactions  3.4.3. Displacement reactions  3.4.4. Double displacement reactions  3.4.5. Redox reactions  3.4.6. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions  3.5. Effects of chemical reactions  3.6. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions  3.7. Catalysts and their role in reactions
  4. Periodic table and periodicity  4.1. History of Periodic Classification  4.2. Mendeleev's periodic table  4.3. Modern Periodic Table  4.4. Periods and groups in the periodic table and periodicity  4.5. Trends in the Periodic Table  4.5.1. Atomic size  4.5.2. Ionization Energy  4.5.3. Electron affinity  4.5.4. Electronegativity  4.5.5. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties  4.6. Noble gases and their properties
  5. Chemical bond  5.1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding  5.2. Types of chemical bonds  5.2.1. Ionic bond  5.2.2. Covalent bond  5.2.3. Metallic bond  5.2.4. Hydrogen bonding  5.2.5. Van der Waals force  5.3. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds  5.4. Molecular Structure and Geometry (VSEPR Theory - Basics)
  6. Acids, Bases and Salts  6.1. Introduction to Acids and Bases  6.2. Properties of Acids  6.3. Properties of bases  6.4. pH scale and its importance  6.5. Indicators and their uses  6.6. Neutralization reactions  6.7. Strength of Acids and Bases (Strong vs. Weak)  6.8. Preparation of salts  6.9. Uses of acids, bases and salts in daily life
  7. Metals and Nonmetals  7.1. Physical Properties of Metals  7.2. Physical Properties of Nonmetals  7.3. Chemical properties of metals  7.4. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals  7.5. Reactivity Series of Metals  7.6. Extraction of metals  7.7. Corrosion and its prevention  7.8. uses of metals and nonmetals
  8. Carbon and its compounds  8.1. Introduction to Carbon  8.2. Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene)  8.3. Hydrocarbons  8.3.1. Hydrocarbons  8.3.2. Alkene  8.3.3. Alkynes  8.4. Functional groups in organic chemistry  8.5. Isomerism in organic compounds  8.6. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids  8.7. Soaps and detergents  8.8. Polymers (Introduction to Natural and Synthetic Polymers)
  9. Solutions and Mixtures  9.1. Types of mixtures  9.2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures  9.3. Concentration of solutions  9.4. Solubility and factors affecting solubility  9.5. Suspensions and Colloids  9.6. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
  10. Air and atmosphere  10.1. Composition of air  10.2. Role of gases in the atmosphere  10.4. Acid rain and its effects  10.5. Greenhouse effect and global warming  10.6. Ozone layer and its depletion  10.7. Air pollution control measures
  11. Water and its importance  11.1. Composition and properties of water  11.2. Hardness of water (temporary and permanent hardness)  11.3. Causes of water pollution  11.4. Effects of Water Pollution  11.5. Water purification methods (filtration, boiling, chlorination)
  12. Industrial Chemistry  12.1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry  12.2. Important industrial chemicals (sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide)  12.3. Chemical processes in industry  12.4. Uses of Industrial Chemistry in Daily Life  12.5. Environmental impact of industrial chemical processes

Grade 9 → Matter and its nature → Separation Techniques ↓


Filtration


Introduction to filtration

Filtration is a well-known separation technique commonly used in chemistry and everyday life. The primary goal of filtration is to separate solid particles from a liquid or perhaps a gas. The basic principle of filtration relies on differences in the solubility of the components. This technique takes advantage of a physical barrier – a filter – to retain solid particles while allowing the fluid to pass through.

Filtration is widely used in both laboratory and industrial applications. For example, this process can help create safe drinking water, separate sediment from river water, or create pure chemicals in a laboratory experiment.

How filtration works

In its simplest form, filtration involves pouring a mixture of solid and liquid through a piece of filter paper situated in a funnel. As the mixture passes through, the liquid, called the filtrate, passes through the filter paper, while the solid particles, known as the residue, are left behind.

filter paper remains strain

Each component of this basic device plays a specific role. The funnel simply serves as a supporting structure for the filter paper, ensuring that the mixture is accurately guided through the filter.

Types of filtration

Filtration techniques can vary widely depending on the scale and materials to be separated. Here are some commonly used types:

Gravity filtration

One of the most basic types of filtration is gravity filtration. In this process, the force of gravity pulls the liquid through the filter. This method is often used when the primary concern is separating insoluble solids from the liquid. For example, you can use gravity filtration to separate sand from water.

Suction filtration

Suction filtration or vacuum filtration uses a vacuum pump to pull a liquid through a filter paper. It is much faster than gravity filtration and is ideal for separating fine particles.

Example: Separation of sand and water

Imagine a situation where you have a mixture of sand and water. To separate the sand from the water using filtration, you must:

  1. Place a funnel over a beaker.
  2. Fit a piece of filter paper into the funnel.
  3. Pour the mixture into the funnel.

Here, the water will pass through the filter paper as filtrate, while the sand will remain on the filter as residue.

Oil-water separation

Filtration can also be used to separate oil from water. In this case, the filter used is often a special filter that can trap oil molecules while allowing water molecules to pass through. Although oil naturally floats on top of water due to its low density, filtration can help in cases where the oil is finely dispersed in the water.

Materials required for filtration

Filtration requires several materials and equipment. Here is a list of the basic items you may need:

  • Filter Paper: A semi-permeable paper barrier used to separate solids from liquids.
  • Funnel: A conical device used to pour liquids into containers and to support filter paper.
  • Container or Beaker: A vessel to collect the filtrate that passes through the filter paper.
  • Spoon or stirrer (optional): A device used to move the mixture evenly toward the filter paper.
  • Vacuum pump (for suction filtration): Device for creating a vacuum, allowing liquids to pass rapidly through a filter.

Practical applications of filtration

Filtration has diverse applications in different areas:

In everyday life

We often use filtration in our daily routine. For example, while making coffee, a filter paper inside the coffee maker separates coffee particles from the liquid coffee. Similarly, a sieve is used in the kitchen to separate fine flour from coarse particles.

In water treatment

Water purification systems rely heavily on filtration. Through a series of filters, these systems remove particulate matter such as sediment, bacteria, and even some dangerous chemicals from the water, making it safe to drink.

Example: Pool water filtration

In swimming pools, filtration systems continually remove debris such as leaves and small particles from the pool water, helping to maintain clarity and cleanliness.

In the pharmaceutical industry

Filtration is indispensable in pharmaceutical manufacturing to ensure that the solution is particle free. This is vital to the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.

Industrial Filters

Advantages and disadvantages of filtration

Like any other method, filtration has its own strengths and weaknesses.

Benefit

One of the significant advantages of filtration is its simplicity and ease of use. It requires minimal equipment and can be performed even without advanced scientific knowledge. Additionally, it is efficient for separating insoluble solids from liquids.

Loss

Despite its usefulness, filtration has its limitations. It cannot effectively separate dissolved substances from liquids. For example, if a solution contains salt dissolved in water, filtration cannot remove the salt. Additionally, very small particles can sometimes pass through filter paper designed to capture larger particles.

Conclusion

Filtration is one of the most versatile and accessible separation techniques. Whether used in daily routine or in advanced industrial applications, its role in purification, separation, and analysis cannot be underestimated. Understanding the basics of filtration makes it clear how we can manipulate mixtures to improve their utility, safety, and quality.


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Filtration

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