Undergraduate
  1. General chemistry  1.1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.2. Atomic Structure  1.2.1. Subatomic particles  1.2.2. Atomic Model  1.2.3. Quantum numbers  1.2.4. Electron Configuration  1.2.5. Periodic trends  1.2.6. Isotopes and their applications  1.3. Chemical bond  1.3.1. Ionic bond  1.3.2. Covalent bonds  1.3.3. Metal Bond  1.3.4. Hybridization  1.3.5. Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory  1.3.6. Bond polarity and dipole moment  1.4. Stoichiometry  1.4.1. Mole concept  1.4.2. Empirical and molecular formula  1.4.3. Limiting reactant and excess reactant  1.4.4. Percent Yield and Purity  1.4.5. Dilution calculation  1.5. States of matter  1.5.1. Gas Laws  1.5.2. Matter and Intermolecular Forces  1.5.3. Solid and Crystal Structures  1.5.4. Phase diagram  1.5.5. Plasma and supercritical fluid  1.6. Chemical reactions  1.6.1. Types of Chemical Reactions  1.6.2. Balancing Chemical Equations  1.6.3. Thermochemical reactions  1.6.4. Reaction energy profiles  1.7. Solutions and Mixtures  1.7.1. Concentration units  1.7.2. Syndrome properties  1.7.3. Solubility and Solubility Rules  1.7.4. Henry's Law and Raoult's Law  1.7.5. Partition coefficient  1.8. Chemical equilibrium  1.8.1. Law of mass action  1.8.2. Le Chatelier's principle  1.8.3. Reaction quotient  1.8.4. To use this online calculator for Equilibrium Constant, enter Equilibrium Constant (Eq.) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Equilibrium Constant calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0.05 = 0.05/0.  1.8.5. Acid-base balance  1.9. Acids and bases  1.9.1. Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry, and Lewis definitions  1.9.2. pH and pOH  1.9.3. Acid-base titration  1.9.4. Buffer Solution  1.9.5. Acid-base indicator  1.9.6. Polyprotic Acids and Bases  1.10. Electrochemistry  1.10.1. redox reactions  1.10.2. Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells  1.10.3. Nernst equation  1.10.4. Electrolysis  1.10.5. Faraday's laws of electrolysis  1.11. Thermodynamics  1.11.1. Laws of Thermodynamics  1.11.2. Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy  1.11.3. Spontaneity of reactions  1.11.4. Thermodynamic cycles (Hess's law, Carnot cycle)  1.12. Kinetics  1.12.1. Rate law and reaction order  1.12.2. Activation Energy and Catalyst  1.12.3. Collision theory  1.12.4. Reaction mechanism  1.12.5. Transition state theory
  2. Organic chemistry  2.1. Structure and relationships  2.1.1. Hybridisation in Carbon Compounds  2.1.2. Resonance and aromatization  2.1.3. Molecular orbitals  2.1.4. Inductive and mesomeric effects  2.2. Hydrocarbons  2.2.1. Hydrocarbons  2.2.2. Alkene  2.2.3. Alkynes  2.2.4. Aromatic compounds  2.2.5. Cycloalkanes and Conformation  2.3. Functional Group  2.3.1. Alcohols and phenols  2.3.2. Ethers and epoxides  2.3.3. Aldehyde and ketone  2.3.4. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  2.3.5. Amin  2.3.6. Esters and amides  2.3.7. Thiols and sulfides  2.4. Stereoscopic  2.4.1. Isomerism in Stereochemistry  2.4.2. Chirality and optical activity  2.4.3. Structural analysis  2.4.4. Diastereomers and Enantiomers  2.5.1. Substitution reactions  2.5.2. Elimination reactions  2.5.3. Addition reactions  2.5.4. Radical reactions  2.5.5. Rearrangement reactions  2.5.6. Pericyclic Reactions  2.6. Spectroscopy and structural analysis  2.6.1. Infrared Spectroscopy  2.6.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy  2.6.3. Mass Spectrometry  2.6.4. UV-visible spectroscopy  2.6.5. X-ray crystallography  2.7. Polymer chemistry  2.7.1. Addition and Condensation Polymers  2.7.2. Polymerization mechanism  2.7.3. Biodegradable Polymer  2.7.4. Conducting and smart polymers
  3. Inorganic chemistry  3.1. Coordination chemistry  3.1.1. Ligands and coordination compounds  3.1.2. Crystal field theory  3.1.3. Molecular Orbital Theory in Coordination Compounds  3.1.4. Jahn–Taylor distortion  3.2. Main Group Chemistry  3.2.1. Alkali and alkaline earth metals  3.2.2. Halogens and Noble Gases  3.2.3. Transition metals and their complexes  3.2.4. Lanthanides and Actinides  3.3. Solid state chemistry  3.3.1. Crystal lattices and unit cells  3.3.2. Defects in solids  3.3.3. Electrical and magnetic properties  3.3.4. Superconductivity  3.4. Bio-inorganic chemistry  3.4.1. Metal ions in biology  3.4.2. Enzymatic reactions with metals  3.4.3. Metal poisoning and detoxification  3.4.4. Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes
  4. Physical chemistry  4.1. Quantum Chemistry  4.1.1. Wave–particle duality  4.1.2. Schrödinger Equation  4.1.3. Quantum Numbers and Orbitals  4.1.4. Atomic and molecular spectroscopy  4.2. Statistical mechanics  4.2.1. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution  4.2.2. Partitioning functions  4.2.3. Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics  4.3. Chemical thermodynamics  4.3.1. Gibbs Free Energy  4.3.2. Phase transition  4.3.3. Thermodynamic efficiency  4.4. Surface chemistry  4.4.1. Absorption and Catalysis  4.4.2. Colloids and Emulsions
  5. Analytical Chemistry  5.1. Classical methods  5.1.1. Gravimetric Analysis  5.1.2. titrimeter  5.2. Instrumental methods  5.2.1. Chromatography  5.2.2. Spectroscopy  5.2.3. Electroanalytical methods  5.2.4. X-ray diffraction
  6. Industrial Chemistry  6.1. Petrochemistry  6.2. Chemical engineering principles  6.3. Green Chemistry  6.4. Pharmaceuticals and Drug Synthesis
  7. Biochemistry  7.1. Carbohydrates  7.2. Proteins and enzymes  7.3. Lipids and membranes  7.4. Nucleic acids  7.5. Metabolism and Bioenergetics  7.6. Enzyme kinetics and mechanism

Undergraduate ↓


Industrial Chemistry


Industrial chemistry is an important subfield of chemistry that focuses on the manufacture of chemical products on a large scale. In simple terms, it is the branch of chemistry that applies physical and chemical processes to transform raw materials into useful products for society. The products produced through industrial chemistry affect nearly every aspect of modern life, from the clothes we wear to the food we eat, the medicines we take, and the modes of transportation we use.

Foundations of industrial chemistry

At its core, industrial chemistry is about converting chemical raw materials into chemical products through various processes. This conversion requires a deep understanding of both chemistry and engineering principles. Following are some of the fundamental concepts and processes found in industrial chemistry:

  • Raw materials: These are the starting materials used in the chemical industry. This could be crude oil, natural gas, metals, minerals, air, water or agricultural products.
  • Chemical reactions: Raw materials must undergo chemical reactions to form products. Some examples include combustion, synthesis, reduction, oxidation, and polymerization.
  • Catalyst: Often used to speed up reactions and increase the efficiency of the process. The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction it catalyzes.
  • Separation techniques: Once a chemical reaction has occurred, the product may need to be purified. Techniques such as distillation, filtration, evaporation, and centrifugation are important.
  • Quality control: Ensuring that the final product meets specific standards and regulations before it is released to the market.

Major industrial processes

In industrial chemistry, several processes are used to manufacture products. Here are some common processes:

Haber-Bosch process

The Haber-Bosch process is used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. This was a major breakthrough in industrial chemistry and agriculture because ammonia is a key component in fertilizers.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 high pressure and temperature

Contact process

The contact process is a method used to produce sulfuric acid, one of the most widely used industrial chemicals.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4 (l)

Polymerization

Polymerization is vital to the production of plastics and rubber. It involves combining monomers into polymers.

N C2H4 → [C2H4]ₙ
Poly(ethylene) (PE)

Applications in daily life

Industrial chemistry has a significant impact on daily life through a variety of applications:

  • Pharmaceuticals: Industries that produce medicines that are vital for maintaining health and treating diseases.
  • Food industry: Chemicals are used as preservatives, flavour enhancers and colours.
  • Textiles: Synthetic fibres such as polyester and nylon are products of the chemical industry.
  • Energy: Industrial chemistry enables the development of efficient fuels and renewable energy technologies.
  • Building materials: The development of cement, paints and coatings is largely based on industrial chemistry.

Environmental impact and sustainable practices

Industrial chemistry has also come under scrutiny for its environmental impact. If chemical processes are not properly managed they can cause pollution. Implementing sustainable practices is essential to reduce the ecological footprint:

  • Green Chemistry: Designing chemical processes and products that minimize waste and environmental impact.
  • Recycling and efficient use of resources: Using resources and energy efficiently by recycling materials and reducing waste.
  • Emission control: Using scrubbers and filters to minimise air and water pollution.

Challenges in industrial chemistry

Industrial chemistry faces constant challenges. Meeting these challenges requires innovation and collaboration among chemists, engineers, policy makers, and the general public. Some of the major challenges are:

  • Scarcity of resources: The limited availability of certain raw materials, such as rare earth metals, creates supply constraints.
  • Environmental regulations: Strict guidelines require clean processes to reduce emissions and waste.
  • Market competition: Companies must innovate to remain competitive and meet changing consumer preferences.

Conclusion

Industrial chemistry is a field that combines the vast world of chemical science with practical applications that shape our daily lives. From producing essential goods to tackling environmental challenges, industrial chemistry is at the front lines of our technological advancement. By understanding and improving these processes, society continues to benefit as well as move toward more sustainable and responsible manufacturing practices.


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Industrial Chemistry

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