Grade 6
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. What is Chemistry?  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Branches of chemistry  1.4. Safety rules in chemistry laboratory  1.5. Common Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses
  2. Matter and its states  2.1. Definition of Matter  2.2. Properties of matter  2.3. States of matter  2.4. Solid state  2.5. Fluid state  2.6. Gaseous state  2.7. Plasma state  2.8. Changes in the states of matter  2.9. Melting and freezing  2.10. Evaporation and Condensation  2.11. Sublimation  2.12. Deposit
  3. Physical and chemical changes  3.1. Definition of Physical Change  3.2. Examples of physical change  3.3. Definition of Chemical Change  3.4. Examples of chemical change  3.5. Difference Between Physical and Chemical Changes  3.6. Indicators of Chemical Change
  4. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  4.1. Definition of the element  4.2. Classification of elements  4.3. Metals  4.4. Non metallic  4.5. Metalloids  4.6. Noble gases  4.7. Definition of compound  4.8. Properties of Compounds  4.9. Definition of Mixture  4.10. Types of mixtures  4.11. Homogeneous mixture  4.12. Heterogeneous mixtures
  5. Separation of mixtures  5.1. The need for isolation  5.2. Separation methods  5.3. Handpicking and winnowing  5.4. Filtration  5.5. Sedimentation and decantation  5.6. Evaporation  5.7. Crystallization  5.8. Distillation  5.9. Magnetic Separation  5.10. Chromatography
  6. Air and its composition  6.1. Components of air  6.2. Importance of Oxygen  6.3. The importance of nitrogen in the air and its composition  6.4. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere  6.5. The role of water vapor and other gases in air and its composition  6.6. Properties of Air  6.7. Uses of air  6.8. Air pollution and its effects
  7. Water and its properties  7.1. Importance of Water  7.2. Sources of water  7.3. Properties of water  7.4. Water as the universal solvent  7.5. Water Purification  7.6. Water purification methods (boiling, filtration, chlorination)  7.7. Water cycle  7.8. Water conservation  7.9. Water pollution and its effects
  8. Acids, Bases and Salts  8.1. Definition of Acid  8.2. Properties of Acids  8.3. Examples of Acids  8.4. Definition of Bases  8.5. Properties of bases  8.6. Examples of Bases  8.7. Definition of Salt  8.8. Neutralization reaction  8.9. pH Scale and Indicators  8.10. Uses of Acids, Bases and Salts
  9. Introduction to the Periodic Table  9.1. History of the Periodic Table  9.2. Arrangement of elements in the periodic table  9.3. Groups and periods  9.4. Importance of periodic table  9.5. First 10 elements and their symbols
  10. Metals and Nonmetals  10.1. Properties of Metals  10.2. Properties of Non-Metals  10.3. Difference Between Metals and Nonmetals  10.4. Uses of metals and nonmetals  10.5. Corrosion of metals and its prevention
  11. chemical reactions  11.1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions  11.2. Types of Chemical Reactions  11.3. combustion reaction  11.4. Oxidation and Reduction  11.5. Simple chemical equations  11.6. Rusting of iron
  12. Fuel and energy  12.1. Types of fuel  12.2. Fossil fuels  12.3. Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy  12.4. Energy Conservation  12.5. Alternative sources of energy (solar, wind, hydropower)
  13. Plastic and fiber  13.1. Natural and synthetic fibers  13.2. Properties of plastics  13.3. Advantages and disadvantages of plastic  13.4. Recycling of plastic  13.5. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials

Grade 6 → Air and its composition ↓


Air pollution and its effects


Introduction to air and its composition

Air is an essential part of our environment. It is composed of various gases that are vital for the survival of living beings. The composition of air includes:

  • Nitrogen (N2) – constitutes about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere.
  • Oxygen (O2) – about 21%, which is necessary for respiration.
  • Other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), argon (Ar), and small amounts of other gases.

Here's a simplified illustration of the composition of air:

What is air pollution?

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances such as dust, smoke or toxic gases enter the air, causing damage to the environment and health problems to living beings. These harmful substances are known as air pollutants. Air pollution can be caused by both natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and human activities such as industrial emissions, smoke from vehicles and burning of fossil fuels.

Common air pollutants

Following are some common air pollutants:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO): It is a colourless, odourless gas that is harmful if inhaled in large quantities.
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2): Gas produced by volcanic eruptions and industrial processes.
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Gases that contribute to acid rain and smog.
  • Particulate matter (PM): Tiny particles that can enter our respiratory system and cause health problems.

How does air pollution affect us?

Air pollution can have many harmful effects on both our health and the environment. Let's learn about them in detail:

Effects on human health

Exposure to polluted air can cause serious health challenges, such as:

  • Respiratory illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis.
  • Heart disease.
  • Damage to the nervous system.
  • In extreme cases, air pollution can cause premature death.

Impact on the environment

Apart from human health, air pollution affects the environment in the following ways:

  • Acid rain: Pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide can make rain acidic, affecting water bodies and plant life.
  • Climate change: Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming.
  • Depletion of the ozone layer: Certain pollutants can thin the ozone layer, which protects us from the sun's harmful UV rays.

Measures to reduce air pollution

To protect our health and the environment, it is important to take steps to reduce air pollution. Here are some effective strategies:

Use of clean energy sources

Adopting clean energy options like solar, wind and hydropower helps reduce air pollution as these sources do not emit harmful pollutants.

Improving vehicle emissions

Using fuel-efficient vehicles, carpooling, and taking public transportation can significantly reduce vehicle emissions, which are a major source of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.

Industrial regulation

It is important to impose strict regulations on industries to ensure that they reduce emission of harmful gases and adopt clean technologies.

Energy conservation

Using energy-efficient appliances and making sure lights and other appliances are turned off when not needed can help reduce air pollution.

Conclusion

Air pollution is a serious issue that has far-reaching effects on health and the environment. Understanding its causes, effects, and prevention strategies is important to tackle this problem. By taking collective action, it is possible to improve air quality and create a healthier and safer environment for current and future generations.


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Air pollution and its effects

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