Grade 8
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. Nature and scope of chemistry  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Chemistry and its relation with other sciences  1.4. The role of chemistry in industry, medicine and the environment  1.5. Scientific investigation and experimental methods in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition and classification of matter  2.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  2.3. Law of conservation of matter  2.4. Extensive and Intensive Properties of Matter  2.5. Kinetic molecular theory of matter  2.6. States of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates  2.7. Changes in state and energy are involved  2.8. Diffusion and Brownian motion
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition and differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures  3.2. Atomic Structure and Atomic Number  3.3. Chemical symbols and formulas  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table (Groups and Periods)  3.5. Classification of Elements: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.6. Rare Earth Elements and Transition Metals  3.7. Types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous  3.8. Separation of Mixtures Using Physical and Chemical Methods
  4. Separation Techniques  4.1. Filtration, Sedimentation and Decantation  4.2. Evaporation and crystallization  4.3. Distillation and Fractional Distillation  4.4. Chromatography and its applications  4.5. Sublimation in the purification of compounds  4.6. The role of centrifugation in biochemical processes
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Dalton's atomic theory  5.2. Structure of the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons  5.3. Bohr's atomic model  5.4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Model  5.5. Electron Configuration and Energy Levels  5.6. Excitation and emission spectra  5.7. Isotopes and their applications
  6. Periodic Table and Chemical Trends  6.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  6.2. Modern periodic law  6.3. Periodicity and trends in atomic and ionic sizes  6.4. Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity  6.5. Introduction to Lanthanides and Actinides  6.6. Application of periodic trends in chemistry
  7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  7.1. Types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic bonds  7.3. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules  7.4. Hydrogen bonding and its applications  7.5. Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, London dispersion force
  8. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry  8.1. Chemical Equations and Balance  8.2. Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement and Redox  8.3. Introduction to stoichiometry and the mole concept  8.4. Limiting reactant in chemical equations  8.5. Reaction rate, catalyst, and factors affecting reaction rate
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition and Properties of Acids and Bases  9.2. Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases  9.3. pH Scale and pH Calculation  9.4. Neutralization reactions  9.5. Buffer solutions and their importance  9.6. Applications of Acids, Bases and Salts in Daily Life
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution, Solute, and Solvent  10.2. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.3. Concentration units: molarity and molality  10.4. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions  10.5. Concept of osmosis and reverse osmosis  10.6. Concentrative properties of solutions
  11. Gases and Gas Laws  11.1. Properties of gases  11.2. Introduction to Ideal and Real Gases  11.3. Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law  11.4. Ideal Gas Equation and Its Applications  11.5. Application of Gas Laws in Real Life
  12. Thermochemistry and energy transformation  12.1. Energy in Chemical Reactions  12.2. Exothermic vs. Endothermic Reactions  12.3. Heat and Enthalpy Changes  12.4. Calorimetry and heat transfer in reactions
  13. Metals and Nonmetals  13.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals  13.2. Reactivity Series of Metals  13.3. Corrosion and its prevention  13.4. Extraction of metals from ores  13.5. Uses of metals and non-metals in daily life
  14. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  14.1. Characteristics of carbon and organic compounds  14.2. Functional groups and their importance  14.3. Simple Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkenes and Alkynes  14.4. Isomerism in organic compounds  14.5. Introduction to polymers and their uses
  15. Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability  15.1. Green Chemistry Principles  15.2. Effects of Chemical Pollution on Ecosystems  15.3. Acid rain and its effects  15.4. Ozone layer depletion and global warming  15.5. Waste Management and Recycling in Chemistry

Grade 8 → Introduction to Chemistry ↓


The role of chemistry in industry, medicine and the environment


Chemistry is a fascinating field that investigates the composition, structure, properties, and transformations of matter. It plays a vital role in our world by contributing to various fields such as industry, medicine, and the environment. Understanding chemistry helps us do everything from creating new materials to treating diseases and protecting ecosystems. Let's explore how chemistry is deeply intertwined in these important fields.

Chemistry in industry

Chemistry in industry involves the use of chemical processes to create or change products. This includes everything from making clothing and food to developing new technology. Chemical engineers and industrial chemists work to design processes that produce materials efficiently and safely.

Chemical formulation

One of the major applications of chemistry in industry is the development of chemical formulations. These are combinations of compounds mixed to obtain desired properties. For example, detergents are formulated with surfactants to effectively remove dirt from clothes.

Detergent

Polymers and plastics

Polymers are large molecules made by linking repeating units called monomers. They are essential in making plastics, which have countless uses in our daily lives such as packaging, building materials, and electronics.

Polyethylene: ( CH2 -CH2 )-n

Polyethylene is a simple and widely used polymer, made by the polymerization of ethylene monomer.

Petrochemicals

Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. These include compounds such as benzene and ethylene, which are the cornerstones for the manufacture of products such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and nylon.

Chemistry in medicine

In the medical field, chemistry is vital for the development and manufacture of drugs, discovery of treatments and therapies, and understanding the biochemical processes in the human body.

Pharmaceutical chemistry

Pharmaceutical chemistry involves the design and synthesis of drugs. Chemists create new compounds and study their effects to develop medicines that can prevent, treat, or cure diseases.

Medicine

Medicines such as aspirin, which are used to relieve pain and reduce fever, are products of chemical synthesis.

2-Acetoxybenzoic acid: C 9 H 8 O 4

Biochemistry

Biochemistry focuses on the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. This includes understanding how enzymes work, the role of DNA, and metabolic pathways.

Diagnostic chemicals

Chemistry is also important in medical diagnosis. Chemical tests can identify the presence of diseases through blood tests, urine analysis, and other physical sample tests.

Chemistry in the environment

Chemistry helps us understand environmental processes and solve ecological problems. It is involved in studying pollution, understanding ecosystems, and developing green technologies and materials.

Environmental chemistry

Environmental chemistry studies the chemical processes in the environment. It helps us understand phenomena such as acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change.

Pollution control

Chemistry is used to control pollution by providing techniques to treat waste and reduce emissions. Innovations such as catalytic converters in cars help reduce the emission of harmful gases.

Clean Air

Green chemistry

Green chemistry aims to create products and processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances. This includes using renewable materials, reducing waste, and improving energy efficiency.

Biodegradable plastics and solar cells are examples of green chemistry applications.

Water treatment

Chemistry plays a vital role in water treatment, ensuring safe drinking water. Processes such as coagulation, flocculation and chlorination eliminate impurities and harmful microorganisms.

Chlorination: Cl 2 + H 2 O → HCl + HOCl

Chemistry plays a vital role in various aspects of our daily lives and the world around us. In industry, it enables the production of a wide range of products essential to modern life. In medicine, it helps develop life-saving treatments and understand biological processes. In addition, chemistry is important in addressing environmental issues, promoting sustainability, and protecting natural resources.

The continued study and application of chemistry will undoubtedly lead to further progress, improving the quality of life and ensuring a healthy planet for future generations.


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The role of chemistry in industry, medicine and the environment

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