Grade 8
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. Nature and scope of chemistry  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Chemistry and its relation with other sciences  1.4. The role of chemistry in industry, medicine and the environment  1.5. Scientific investigation and experimental methods in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition and classification of matter  2.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  2.3. Law of conservation of matter  2.4. Extensive and Intensive Properties of Matter  2.5. Kinetic molecular theory of matter  2.6. States of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates  2.7. Changes in state and energy are involved  2.8. Diffusion and Brownian motion
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition and differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures  3.2. Atomic Structure and Atomic Number  3.3. Chemical symbols and formulas  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table (Groups and Periods)  3.5. Classification of Elements: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.6. Rare Earth Elements and Transition Metals  3.7. Types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous  3.8. Separation of Mixtures Using Physical and Chemical Methods
  4. Separation Techniques  4.1. Filtration, Sedimentation and Decantation  4.2. Evaporation and crystallization  4.3. Distillation and Fractional Distillation  4.4. Chromatography and its applications  4.5. Sublimation in the purification of compounds  4.6. The role of centrifugation in biochemical processes
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Dalton's atomic theory  5.2. Structure of the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons  5.3. Bohr's atomic model  5.4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Model  5.5. Electron Configuration and Energy Levels  5.6. Excitation and emission spectra  5.7. Isotopes and their applications
  6. Periodic Table and Chemical Trends  6.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  6.2. Modern periodic law  6.3. Periodicity and trends in atomic and ionic sizes  6.4. Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity  6.5. Introduction to Lanthanides and Actinides  6.6. Application of periodic trends in chemistry
  7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  7.1. Types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic bonds  7.3. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules  7.4. Hydrogen bonding and its applications  7.5. Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, London dispersion force
  8. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry  8.1. Chemical Equations and Balance  8.2. Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement and Redox  8.3. Introduction to stoichiometry and the mole concept  8.4. Limiting reactant in chemical equations  8.5. Reaction rate, catalyst, and factors affecting reaction rate
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition and Properties of Acids and Bases  9.2. Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases  9.3. pH Scale and pH Calculation  9.4. Neutralization reactions  9.5. Buffer solutions and their importance  9.6. Applications of Acids, Bases and Salts in Daily Life
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution, Solute, and Solvent  10.2. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.3. Concentration units: molarity and molality  10.4. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions  10.5. Concept of osmosis and reverse osmosis  10.6. Concentrative properties of solutions
  11. Gases and Gas Laws  11.1. Properties of gases  11.2. Introduction to Ideal and Real Gases  11.3. Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law  11.4. Ideal Gas Equation and Its Applications  11.5. Application of Gas Laws in Real Life
  12. Thermochemistry and energy transformation  12.1. Energy in Chemical Reactions  12.2. Exothermic vs. Endothermic Reactions  12.3. Heat and Enthalpy Changes  12.4. Calorimetry and heat transfer in reactions
  13. Metals and Nonmetals  13.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals  13.2. Reactivity Series of Metals  13.3. Corrosion and its prevention  13.4. Extraction of metals from ores  13.5. Uses of metals and non-metals in daily life
  14. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  14.1. Characteristics of carbon and organic compounds  14.2. Functional groups and their importance  14.3. Simple Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkenes and Alkynes  14.4. Isomerism in organic compounds  14.5. Introduction to polymers and their uses
  15. Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability  15.1. Green Chemistry Principles  15.2. Effects of Chemical Pollution on Ecosystems  15.3. Acid rain and its effects  15.4. Ozone layer depletion and global warming  15.5. Waste Management and Recycling in Chemistry

Grade 8 ↓


Metals and Nonmetals


Chemistry is the study of matter, and one of the fundamental aspects is understanding the difference between metals and nonmetals. These two categories of elements have different properties that set them apart and determine their use in everyday life. In this study, we will explore these properties, providing clear examples and explanations.

Properties of metals

Metals have several key properties that make them unique and widely used. Here we will discuss each of these properties in detail.

Aura

Metals are known for their shiny appearance. This property is called lustre. When light falls on the surface of a metal, it gets reflected and gives the metal a shiny appearance.

Conductivity

Metals are excellent conductors of electricity and heat. This is due to the presence of free electrons that can move around freely in the metal. Let's look at this with an example:

Copper (Cu) is used in electrical wiring because it is an excellent conductor of electricity.
Copper Wire

Growability

Metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. This property is called malleability. For example:

Aluminum (Al) can be made into thin sheets to produce aluminum foil.
Aluminum Foil

Resilience

Metals can also be drawn into thin wires. This property is called ductility. For example:

Gold (Au) is highly ductile and can be drawn into thin wires.
Gold Wire

Phonetics

When metals are struck, a ringing sound is produced, which is called sonorous. This property is used in the manufacture of musical instruments.

Properties of non-metals

On the other hand, non-metals have properties that are very different from metals. Let's explore these properties:

Non luminous

Non-metals do not have lustre. They are generally dull, with a few exceptions such as iodine.

Insulator

Nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity and heat. This makes them useful as insulating materials:

Rubber is used as an insulating material in electrical goods.
rubber insulation

Brittleness

Nonmetals are not malleable or ductile; they are brittle and break easily when hammered.

Non-phonetic

Unlike metals, nonmetals do not produce any sweet sound when struck.

Examples of metals

  • Iron (Fe): Due to its strength and durability it is used in building machines and in manufacturing.
  • Copper (Cu): As mentioned earlier, it is used in electrical wires.
  • Aluminum (Al): Light but strong, used in making aircraft bodies.
  • Gold (Au): Valued for its malleability and corrosion resistance, it is used in jewelry.

Examples of nonmetals

  • Oxygen (O2): Necessary for respiration in living organisms.
  • Carbon (C): Found in all known life forms, fundamental to organic chemistry.
  • Nitrogen (N2): It makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, it is used in fertilizers.
  • Sulfur (S): It is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, an important chemical.

Periodic table and metals/nonmetals

The periodic table arranges metals and nonmetals in a systematic way, revealing several trends and patterns:

Metals Metalloids non metallic

Metals are found in the left and middle portion of the periodic table. Nonmetals are found in the right portion. In between the metals and nonmetals are the metalloids, which have properties from both groups, making them unique.

Conclusion

Understanding the properties of metals and nonmetals helps us recognize their important role in a variety of applications. From the spoons you use in the kitchen to the car you drive, metals and nonmetals are important in our daily lives. By learning about their properties and uses, we gain a better understanding of how the world around us is made and works.


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Metals and Nonmetals

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