Grade 8
  1. Introduction to Chemistry  1.1. Nature and scope of chemistry  1.2. Importance of chemistry in daily life  1.3. Chemistry and its relation with other sciences  1.4. The role of chemistry in industry, medicine and the environment  1.5. Scientific investigation and experimental methods in chemistry
  2. Matter and its properties  2.1. Definition and classification of matter  2.2. Physical and chemical properties of matter  2.3. Law of conservation of matter  2.4. Extensive and Intensive Properties of Matter  2.5. Kinetic molecular theory of matter  2.6. States of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates  2.7. Changes in state and energy are involved  2.8. Diffusion and Brownian motion
  3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures  3.1. Definition and differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures  3.2. Atomic Structure and Atomic Number  3.3. Chemical symbols and formulas  3.4. Trends in the Periodic Table (Groups and Periods)  3.5. Classification of Elements: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids  3.6. Rare Earth Elements and Transition Metals  3.7. Types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous  3.8. Separation of Mixtures Using Physical and Chemical Methods
  4. Separation Techniques  4.1. Filtration, Sedimentation and Decantation  4.2. Evaporation and crystallization  4.3. Distillation and Fractional Distillation  4.4. Chromatography and its applications  4.5. Sublimation in the purification of compounds  4.6. The role of centrifugation in biochemical processes
  5. Atomic Structure  5.1. Dalton's atomic theory  5.2. Structure of the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons  5.3. Bohr's atomic model  5.4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Model  5.5. Electron Configuration and Energy Levels  5.6. Excitation and emission spectra  5.7. Isotopes and their applications
  6. Periodic Table and Chemical Trends  6.1. History and Development of the Periodic Table  6.2. Modern periodic law  6.3. Periodicity and trends in atomic and ionic sizes  6.4. Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity  6.5. Introduction to Lanthanides and Actinides  6.6. Application of periodic trends in chemistry
  7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  7.1. Types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic bonds  7.3. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules  7.4. Hydrogen bonding and its applications  7.5. Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, London dispersion force
  8. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry  8.1. Chemical Equations and Balance  8.2. Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement and Redox  8.3. Introduction to stoichiometry and the mole concept  8.4. Limiting reactant in chemical equations  8.5. Reaction rate, catalyst, and factors affecting reaction rate
  9. Acids, Bases and Salts  9.1. Definition and Properties of Acids and Bases  9.2. Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases  9.3. pH Scale and pH Calculation  9.4. Neutralization reactions  9.5. Buffer solutions and their importance  9.6. Applications of Acids, Bases and Salts in Daily Life
  10. Solutions and Solubility  10.1. Definition of Solution, Solute, and Solvent  10.2. Factors Affecting Solubility  10.3. Concentration units: molarity and molality  10.4. Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions  10.5. Concept of osmosis and reverse osmosis  10.6. Concentrative properties of solutions
  11. Gases and Gas Laws  11.1. Properties of gases  11.2. Introduction to Ideal and Real Gases  11.3. Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law  11.4. Ideal Gas Equation and Its Applications  11.5. Application of Gas Laws in Real Life
  12. Thermochemistry and energy transformation  12.1. Energy in Chemical Reactions  12.2. Exothermic vs. Endothermic Reactions  12.3. Heat and Enthalpy Changes  12.4. Calorimetry and heat transfer in reactions
  13. Metals and Nonmetals  13.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals  13.2. Reactivity Series of Metals  13.3. Corrosion and its prevention  13.4. Extraction of metals from ores  13.5. Uses of metals and non-metals in daily life
  14. Introduction to Organic Chemistry  14.1. Characteristics of carbon and organic compounds  14.2. Functional groups and their importance  14.3. Simple Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkenes and Alkynes  14.4. Isomerism in organic compounds  14.5. Introduction to polymers and their uses
  15. Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability  15.1. Green Chemistry Principles  15.2. Effects of Chemical Pollution on Ecosystems  15.3. Acid rain and its effects  15.4. Ozone layer depletion and global warming  15.5. Waste Management and Recycling in Chemistry

Grade 8 → Metals and Nonmetals ↓


Uses of metals and non-metals in daily life


Metals and nonmetals play important roles in our everyday lives. Both have different properties that make them suitable for specific applications. It is important to understand how we use these materials, as this gives us insight into how nature and technology collaborate to improve our quality of life.

Metals in daily life

Metals are known for properties such as conductivity, malleability, ductility and hardness. These properties make them quite valuable in various fields. Let us learn about some of the common uses of metals in our everyday activities.

1. Construction and infrastructure

Metals are widely used in the construction industry. Metals such as iron and steel are fundamental in the construction of buildings, bridges and railways, as they provide strength and stability. Reinforced concrete, which is a mixture of concrete and steel bars known as "rebar", allows buildings to withstand tension and compression.

steel

2. Transportation

Metals play a vital role in transportation. Vehicles such as cars, airplanes, trains and ships are primarily made of aluminum and steel. Aluminum is preferred for its lightness, which reduces fuel consumption, while steel is valued for its strength and durability.

car

3. Electronics and electrical uses

Metals such as copper, gold and silver are excellent conductors of electricity and are widely used in electrical and electronic applications. Copper wiring is ubiquitous for electrical wiring in homes due to its economical cost and conductivity.

Cu: Copper Wire

4. Kitchen utensils

Stainless steel, an alloy of iron with chromium and nickel, is a popular choice for making kitchen utensils, cutlery and cookware. Its resistance to rust and scratches makes it ideal for frequent use in cooking.

spoon

5. Jewellery

Jewelry is made from precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum. Their lustrous appearance and non-reactive properties make them ideal for ornaments and decoration. The term "karat" is often used to denote the purity of gold.

6. Industrial applications

Metals such as titanium and nickel are used in industries to make machinery, tools, and equipment. Their heat resistance and strength make them invaluable for manufacturing and production.

Nonmetals in daily life

Nonmetals differ from metals because they are poor conductors of electricity and heat. In solid form they are generally more brittle, but their unique properties allow them to play important roles in various aspects of life.

1. Medical and health

Non-metals such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen form the building blocks of life. Elements such as iodine are used in antiseptics, while chlorine is used in water treatment for its disinfectant properties.

2. Stationery

Graphite, a form of carbon, is the main component of pencils. Its ability to leave a mark on paper without smudging makes it perfect for writing.

pencil

3. Fuel

Non-metals such as hydrogen and carbon are the basic components of most fuels. Fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas power homes, industries and vehicles around the world. In recent years, hydrogen fuel cells have become a promising alternative energy source.

4. Agriculture

Essential non-metals like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium help in plant growth. They are provided through fertilizers to increase crop yield and ensure food security.

5. Plastics and polymers

Non-metals are integral parts of making plastics and polymers. Polymers are long chains of molecules, composed primarily of carbon, often with hydrogen, oxygen and other chemicals. Their versatility makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, from packaging to clothing.

6. Environment

Non-metals such as nitrogen and oxygen make up the bulk of the Earth's atmosphere. Oxygen is important for respiration in living organisms, while nitrogen is essential for plant nutrition.

Understanding how metals and nonmetals are used in everyday life gives us a greater understanding of the physical world and the complex balance that exists between natural resources and human innovation.


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Extraction of metals from ores
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